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OB/GYN > OBGYN Overview > Flashcards

OBGYN Overview Flashcards

1
Q

at the termination of the vagina

the “window” of the uterus

A

The Cervix

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2
Q

Made of squamous epithelium consistent with that of the vagina, and
columnar epithelium of the endocervix

A

Cervix

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3
Q

What two types of epithelium meet at the Transformation zone around the Os of the cervix?

A

squamous epithelium
columnar epithelium

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4
Q

Why is the squamocolumnar junction of the cervix so important?

A

Area in which >90% of cervical neoplasia originates

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5
Q

> 35 day cycle

A

Oligomenorrhea

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6
Q

<21 day cycle

A

Polymenorrhea

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7
Q

Frequent but irregular menstruation

A

Metrorrhagia

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8
Q

Heavy, irregular menstruation at irregular intervals

A

Menometrorrhagia

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9
Q

The follicle with the greatest number of granulosa cells, FSH receptors, and the highest estradiol production

The rest undergo atresia (degenerative process)

A

Dominant Follicle

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10
Q

White fibrous streak within the ovary that was once the corpus luteum

A

Corpus albicans

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11
Q

FSH and LH are released from where?

A

the anterior pituitary gland

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12
Q

Menstruation regulation: These hormones are involved in upregulation

A

Estrogen
LH
Progesterone

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13
Q

Menstruation regulation: These hormones are involved in inhibition

A

FSH
LH
LH surge

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14
Q

The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) acts on which cells?

A

Acts on granulosa cells

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15
Q

The lutenizing hormone (LH) acts on which cells?

A

Acts on the theca cells (Produce androgens)

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16
Q

Which estrogen is the major estrogen of the reproductive years?

A

Estradiol

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17
Q

List the types of estrogen in order of most potent to least potent

A

Estradiol > estrone > estriol

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18
Q

What are the sources of estrogen?

A

Ovary
Placenta
Adipose tissue

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19
Q

Estrogen is dominant in which phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Dominant in the follicular phase

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20
Q

Which estrogen is an indicator of fetal wellbeing in pregnancy?

A

estriol

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21
Q

What are the functions of estrogen?

A

Development of female breast and genitalia
Female fat distribution
Growth of follicle
Endometrial proliferation
Increase HDL
Lower LDL

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22
Q

Elevation of progesterone (LH surge) is indicative of what?

A

ovulation

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23
Q

What are the sources of progesterone?

A

Corpus luteum
Placenta
Adrenal cortex
testes

24
Q

Progesterone is dominant in which phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Dominant in the luteal phase (Luteinization)

25
Q

What is the function of progesterone in pregnancy?

A

PRO- GESTATION

Maintenance of pregnancy

Uterine smooth muscle relaxation (preventing contractions)

Progesterone levels are maintained by hCG

26
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A

Stimulation of endometrial glandular secretions

Stimulation of spiral artery development

Production of thick cervical mucus which inhibits sperm entry into
the uterus

Increase basal body temperature

Inhibition of LH and FSH

27
Q

Describe estrogen and progesterone’s hormonal changes and effects on the endometrium

A

Estrogen - Proliferation

Progesterone withdraw - Endometrium breaks down and is
sloughed off during menses

Progesterone - Differentiation of endometrial components (proliferative 🡪 secretory)

28
Q

Describe estrogen and progesterone’s hormonal changes and effects on the endocervix

A

Estrogen - Glands secrete large quantities of thin, clear, watery mucus

Progesterone - Mucus production diminishes

29
Q

Describe estrogen and progesterone’s hormonal changes and effects on the vagina

A

Estrogen - Promotes growth of epithelium, Maturation of the epithelial cells, Vaginal transudation and lubrication during intercourse

Progesterone - Epithelium retains thickness, secretions are markedly
diminished

30
Q

Describe progesterone’s hormonal changes and effects on the breasts

A

Progesterone - Breast tenderness and fullness

31
Q

Describe progesterone’s hormonal changes and effects on the hypothalamus

A

Progesterone - Basal body temperature increases by 0.5 to 1.0 degrees F

32
Q

The proliferation stage of menstruation is which phase?

A

The follicular phase

33
Q

The secretory stage of menstruation is which phase?

A

The luteal phase

34
Q

The dominant hormone during the follicular phase is what?

A

Dominant hormone is estrogen

35
Q

The dominant hormone during the luteal phase is what?

A

Dominant hormone is progesterone

36
Q

Which phase is a constant (14 days) and which phase is variable during menses?

A

Follicular phase can vary in length

Luteal phase is constant (14 days)

37
Q

Definition: permanent cessation of menses after significant decrease
in ovarian estrogen production due to aging or bilateral oophorectomy

12 consecutive months of no bleeding

End of reproduction

A

Menopause

38
Q

Menopause before age 40 is called what?

A

premature ovarian failure

39
Q

What fraction of a woman’s life is in menopause?

A

1/3 of woman’s life span

40
Q

Undernourished women and smokers tend to have an earlier what?

A

menopause

41
Q

Transition from the reproductive to the non-reproductive years during which ovarian estrogen production may fluctuate unpredictably

Can last 1-3 years

A

Perimenopause

42
Q

The time period during which the changes of menopause occur

A

Climacteric

43
Q

What stage is the permanent cessation of a period?

A

Post-menopause

44
Q

What hormone is the major product of the post-menopausal ovary?

A

Testosterone

45
Q

Which estrogen is the predominant endogenous estrogen post-menopause?

A

Estrone

46
Q

What is the hallmark of menopause?

A

Hot flashes and vasomotor instability

47
Q

What is the first physical manifestation of decreased estrogen?

A

flush (night sweats if happens at night)

48
Q

One of the most common and debilitating effects of menopause

A

Sleep Disturbances

49
Q

What induces change in a woman’s sleep cycle?

A

Decreased E2

50
Q

This diagnosis should be suspected in a young woman with hot
flushes and other symptoms of hypoestrogen and secondary
amenorrhea

A

Premature Ovarian Failure

51
Q

What is the diagnosis for Premature Ovarian Failure?

A

FSH levels >30 IU/mL

52
Q

List some causes of premature ovarian failure

A

Genetic Factors
Autoimmune
Smoking
Chemotherapy
Hysterectomy

53
Q

Women who smoke can undergo ovarian failure how many years earlier?

A

3-5 years

54
Q

Hormone therapy should only be used SHORT TERM in menopause because why?

A

The administration of continuous unopposed estrogen can result in endometrial hyperplasia and cancer

55
Q

What are the contraindications for estrogen use?

A

Undiagnosed bleeding
Cancer
Liver disease
History of DVT, stroke, MI
Known or suspected pregnancy
hypersensitivity

56
Q

What are some benefits of estrogen therapy?

A

Osteoporosis prevention/reduction in hip fracture risk

Lipid improvement

May decrease the onset of diabetes

Reduces risk of colon cancer

Note: must take progesterone if patient still has a uterus

OB/GYN (14 decks)

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