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111 Obesity > Obesity (and MHS) > Flashcards

Obesity (and MHS) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the effect that causes a patient to feel better by merely going to see a doctor, or taking a drug, whether it has a physiological effect or not?

A

Conditioned response. The placebo effect is an example of a conditioned response.

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2
Q

If a conditioned response proves to not work after a while (there is no physiological effect), and this is repeated numerous time, the patient may unlearn the response. What is this called?

A

Extinction

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3
Q

From which of the trilaminar disc layers does the GI arise?

A

Endoderm.

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4
Q

When does the flat endoderm sheet form a tubular gut?

A

week 4

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5
Q

From what does the gut tube form?

A

yolk sac.

the newly formed gut tube remains connected to the rest of the disc by mesenteries.

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6
Q

What is the opening at one end of the gut tube called that will form the mouth?

A

Stomodeum

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7
Q

What is the opening at one end of the gut tube that will form the anal pit?

A

Proctodeum

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8
Q

What makes up the foregut?

A

Everything up to the ampulla of Vater in the duodenum.

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9
Q

What makes up the midgut?

A

From the ampulla of Vater to 2 thirds along the transverse colon.

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10
Q

What makes up the hindgut?

A

last 3rd of transverse colon,

most of urethra and epithelium of bladder.

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11
Q

How does the stomach form?

A

Dorsal side grows faster.
Tube rotates to the right 90 deg.
dorsal mesentery becomes greater omentum.

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12
Q

How does the pancreas form?

A

There are two pancreatic buds: dorsal and ventral, on the duodenum. the duodenum rotates posteriorly so the ventral bud meets the dorsal bud, then they fuse.

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13
Q

What are the three subregions of the hypothalamus wrt appetite?

A

Lateral.
Ventromedial.
Arcuate nucleus.

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14
Q

What is the stimulation for the ventromedial and lateral hypothalamus wrt appetite?

A

blood glucose.

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15
Q

What part of the hypothalamus is stimulated by a low blood glucose level?

A

Lateral

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16
Q

What part of the hypothalamus is stimulated by a high blood glucose level?

A

ventromedial.

17
Q

What leptin released by?

A

Adipocytes. The fatter the person - the more leptin is released.

18
Q

Where does leptin act and what does it cause?

A 
arcuate nucleus which:
decreases AGRP and NYP.
increases alpha MSH
stimulates SNS to increase BMR
decreases insulin.
19
Q

What is adipostat?

A

The theory and mechanisms of controlling body fat

20
Q

What does alpha MSH do?

A

Mostly Stops Hunger (derived from POMC). It is released in response to high leptin.

21
Q

What are anorexigenic peptides?

A

in response to high leptin
inhibit feeding behaviour
eg alpha MSH
CART

22
Q

what are orexigenic peptides?

A

in response to low leptin
activate feeding behaviour
eg NPY
AgRP

23
Q

Genetic causes of obesity?

A

Melanocortin receptor (MC4R)
Leptin
Leptin receptor
POMC

24
Q

What is the Melanocortin receptor?

A

aka MC4R
alpha MSH stimulates
AgRP blocks it
If genetic defect of it - no Mostly Stop Hunger signals.

25
Q

What does Ghrelin do?

A

produced by stomach, it signals hunger.

GHRELIN GREMLINS!

26
Q

What food type do we get most of our ATP from?

A

Carbohydrates

27
Q

What food type give most ATP per unit?

A

Fats.

28
Q

What tissues depend on glucose for energy?

A

RBCs,
Skeletal muscle (during exercise),
lymphocytes,
brain

29
Q

Where do we get glucose from?

A

carboyhydrates

30
Q

Where do we get fatty acids from?

A

fat metabolism

31
Q

Where do the liver, kidney, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle (not during exercise) get their energy from?

A

fatty acids.

32
Q

What tissues use ketone as their primary source of energy?

A

cardiac muscle, kidney, brain (in starvation).

33
Q

Where do we get ketones from for energy use?

A

Fat metabolism - fatty acid metabolism - ketones.

34
Q

From what bodily deposits can we call upon for energy?

A

CELLS - ATP, phosphocreatine, glycogen
LIVER - glycogen
FAT DEPOSIT

35
Q

What is the normal level of HbA1C

A

less than 6%

36
Q

What are the 4 criteria for metabolic syndrome?

A

MOTH

Microalbuminuria
Obese
Type 2 diabetes
Hypertension.

37
Q

low muscle tone, short stature, incomplete sexual development, cognitive disabilities, behaviour problems, obese. - What’s wrong?

A

Prader Willi Syndrome.

38
Q

What drug is available for obesity, and what is its MoA?

A

Orlistat. prevents fat digestion and absorption by binding to lipases.

111 Obesity (1 decks)

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