Obesity Flashcards
Underweight BMI
Less than 18.5
Define obesity
A complex disorder involving excess body weight beyond the body’s physical requirements
Normal BMI
18.5-24.9
Overweight BMI
25.0-29.9
Class 1 Obese BMI
30-34.9
Class II Obese BMI
35.0-39.9
Morbidly obese BMI
more than 40
Name 5 methods to assess obesity
BMI
Waist circumference
Waist-to-hip ratio
Body shape
Determination of fitness level
How do we measure waist circumference?
We measure on top of the hip
How does body shape correlate with obesity?
We are more concerned for someone with an apple shape than a pear shape because central obesity (apple shape) is more dangerous because visceral fat increases the risk of metabolic diseases, while subcutaneous fat (pear shape) is less harmful.
How is moderate intensity of fitness defined by the talk test?
You can talk but cannot sing during the activity
How is vigorous intensity of fitness defined by the talk test?
You cannot say more than a few words
Describe primary obesity
We traditionally understand it as Calories in > Calories out; but there are so many more factors that influence primary obesity!!
Describe secondary obesity
Other issues or other metabolic problems (congenital or chromosomal abnormalities)
Describe modifiable and non-modifiable causes of primary obesity
Genetics
Prenatal & early life
Physiologic regulation
Lifestyle & environment
Mental Health
How do genetics affect obesity?
BMI has a strong genetic component (Chromosome 16). Several genes have expression in the hypothalamus and fulfill roles in appetite regulation.
What is the strongest genetic link associated with obesity?
FTO gene (Fat mass and Obesity-associated gene) on chromosome 16 is one of the strongest genetic links to obesity
What are the 3 modifiable prenatal factors for obesity?
Smoking habits (more obese children)
Weight gain (children prone to obesity)
Blood sugar levels esp gestational diabetes (children prone to obesity)
What are the 3 modifiable postnatal factors during infancy that influence weight in later life?
How rapidly they gain weight, how long they’re breastfed (the longer, the less likely), and how much they sleep (less sleep = incr obesity risk)
Food dessert
An area where residents have limited access to affordable and nutritious food, particularly fresh fruits, vegetables, and other whole foods
How does sleep correlate with obesity?
Sleep 5hrs or less = 15% risk of obesity compared to 7 hrs
How does stress correlate with obesity?
Increased cortisol causes the same signals initiated by starvation and food in a reward
Formula for energy balance
Energy intake > Energy expenditure = Energy balance
Storage of energy is primarily stored as..
fat!