Obesity

Question 1

Multiple Determinants of Chronic Disease

Answer 1

Developmental & Behavioral
What the individual does (or does not do) that promotes the illness
Skills possessed (or not) that result in worsening of the problem
Health literacy (or health illiteracy)
Environmental
Land use, transportation, neighborhoods, “built” environments
Health Care
Medicare spending, costs of treating chronic illness, absence of prevention or patient education billing codes
Social –Cultural
Poverty
Aging population
Urbanization
Available life-style choices or supports

Question 2

Descriptive Epidemiology

Answer 2

Describes distribution of the continuum in populations by time, person and place.

Question 3

Analytic Epidemiology

Answer 3

Discovers the causes of each of the factors along the continuum.

Question 4

Intervention and evaluation research

Answer 4

Finding programs that work along the continuum from primary to tertiary prevention

Question 5

Health consequences

Answer 5

High blood pressure (2 - 4 x greater risk)
High blood cholesterol
Type 2 diabetes, Insulin resistance, glucose intolerance
(90% of Type 2 diabetics are overweight)
Coronary heart disease, Angina,
Congestive heart failure
Stroke
Liver disease
(“fatty liver disease”/ cirrhosis of the liver in 10% of obese people)

Gallstones
Gout
Osteoarthritis
Strain on spine, hips, knees, ankles, feet
Results in loss of cartilage
Obstructive sleep apnea and respiratory problems
Some types of cancer (such as endometrial, breast, prostate, and colon)

Complications of pregnancy (such as gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia as well as complications in operative delivery i.e., C-section)
Poor female reproductive health (such as menstrual irregularities, infertility, irregular ovulation)
Bladder control problems (such as stress incontinence)

Psychological disorders (such as depression, eating disorders, distorted body image, and low self-esteem)

Question 6

BMI

Answer 6

It may over estimate body fat in athletes or those with muscular builds
It may underestimate body fat in older persons who have lost muscle mass
Should not be used during pregnancy, except in comparing pre-pregnancy values to post-pregnancy values
Endurance athletes should probably not be assessed using BMI

Question 7

Children

Answer 7

Prevention is the key

Healthy bodies and healthy minds
Natural activity vs. performance-based, “judged” activities
Modeling health behaviors
Creating habit
Advocating for daily physical activity in the schools
Avoid over-programming, which can result in dislike of activity