Obesity Flashcards
Can obesity effect likelihood of other disease occurrence?
Yes - it predisposes us to a wide range of mental and physical diseases.
What is obesity?
A disproportionate body weight for height, with an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. BMI > 30 (weight in kg / height in m^2).
How does fat accumulate in obesity?
Once adipose tissue has reached its limit for accumulating excess fat, there is a spill over of lipid into other tissues e.g. the liver.
What are implications of pear shaped obesity?
- Increased subcutaneous fat (hips and thighs)
- Low risk of diabetes
- Low risk of metabolic syndrome
What are implications of apple shaped obesity?
- Increased visceral fat (around middle / internal organs)
- High risk of diabetes
- High risk of metabolic syndrome
When does obesity occur?
When there is greater energy intake than expenditure, or the body is not able to properly regulate the energy balance.
What impacts our energy intake?
- Diet (high carb, high fat foods contribute a lot of calories)
- Nervous system
- Endocrine system
- Microbiota
- Stress or emotional factors
- Medications
What impacts our energy expenditure?
- Exercise level (impacted by our surroundings, e.g. city vs country, gyms available etc)
What impacts our susceptibility to obesity?
- Genetics - 30-60% of weight gain is due to genetic factors.
- Hypothalamic tumours or lesions (cause obesity development).
Why was obesity not taken seriously as a genetic condition?
It was thought that it could easily be controlled by lifestyle until the 1950s.
How did we discover genetics has a large impact on obesity?
Twin studies - identical twins exposed to different environments still have similar weight gain. i.e. environment had little influence.
What is parabiosis?
Surgical union of two organisms allowing sharing of the blood circulation
What did parabiosis experiments in db/db and WT rats reveal?
db/db mutations produce a circulating factor that causes starvation in a WT animal.
Which mutations predispose mice to obesity?
ob/ob and db/db (recessive)
What symptom does ob/ob and db/db genotypes cause?
Hyperphagia (extreme hunger / never feeling full).
What did parabiosis experiments in rats with hypothalamic lesions and WT rats reveal?
Hypothalamic lesions produce a circulating factor that causes starvation in a WT animal.
What did parabiosis experiments in ob/ob and WT rats reveal?
The WT rats produce a circulating factor that causes the ob/ob rats to decrease food intake, lose weight and become healthier. The ob/ob mice did not lose weight to the point of death.
What did parabiosis experiments in ob/ob and db/db rats reveal?
ob/ob mice are responsive to a circulating satiety factor that db/db mice overproduce but are not responsive to themselves.
Why do db/db mice become obese?
They are unresponsive to a circulating satiety factor they produce (mutation in receptor).
Why do ob/ob mice become obese?
They do not produce a circulating satiety factor (in sufficient quantities to regulate its weight).
How does the ob mutation affect leptin?
It is a non-sense mutation so produces a truncated, non-functional form of leptin.
How does the db mutation affect leptin?
Leptin is overproduced because there is no response to it due to mutated receptor.
Where is the leptin receptor located?
The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.
What is leptin?
A hormone secreted by adipocytes, which circulates at levels in proportion to fat mass and is an indicator of nutritional state. It regulates body weight.
What happens when the NPY/AgRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus are targeted by leptin?
They are inhibited so appetite is not stimulated (NPY/AgRP are orexigenic).
What happens when the POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus are targeted by leptin?
They are activated and appetite is suppressed (POMC are anorexigenic).
Where are signals from the arcuate nucleus sent?
Paraventricular nucleus then onto higher brain function.
How are NPY/AgRP neurons orexigenic?
When activated they secrete AgRP, which stimulates food intake through blocking of the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R).
How are POMC neurons anorexigenic?
When activated they secrete α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which activates MC4R to inhibit food intake.
What kind of system is body weight homeostasis by leptin?
Negative feedback