Obesity Flashcards
The definition of obesity according to WHO is an excess in body fat that can subsequently cause adverse health. What BMI is classed as overweight?
1 - <18.5kg/m2
2 - >25kg/m2
3 - <30kg/m2
4 - <35kg/m2
2 - >25kg/m2
- obese is >30kg/m2
- formula for BMI = weight (kg)/height (m)2
- 80kg / 1.9 squared = BMI of 22.16
Is waist circumference a measure of central (fat around belly) or general obesity (fat everywhere)?
- central obesity
What is central and general obesity?
- central = fat is centred around chest and abdomen
- general = fat is everywhere
Is it important to use age and gender specific standards and centrile charts?
- yes
- age and gender both influence body composition
Do patients with a low income consume more or less fruit and vegetables than those with a higher incomes, and total calories?
- low income less fruit and vegetables
- BUT more total calories as processed food is cheap
Do patients who are well educated have higher energy expenditure than those who are less well educated?
- educated and energy expenditure are inversely associated
Do obese patients tend to marry earlier or later, and marry obese or non obese people than those who are not obese?
- obese people marry later
- obese are more likely to marry obese partners
Do married or single men weight more?
- married men weigh more than single men
If women have more than one child, do they generally return to their previous weight, or do they generally gain weight with each baby?
- weight increases with each child
Are older people who live alone more likely to be underweight than older people living with someone?
- older people who live alone are more likely to be underweight
In 2016, according to the WHO what % of the worlds population that were >18 years of age at the time were classed as being obese and overweight?
1 - 39% and 13%, respectively
2 - 13% and 13%, respectively
3 - 13% and 39%, respectively
4 - 3% and 1%, respectively
1 - 39% and 13%, respectively
- 39% were overweight
- 13% were obese.
What is the name of the obesity scoring system?
1 - Wells score
2 - Edmonton Obesity Staging System (EOSS)
3 - Obesity associated morbidity score (OAMS)
4 - Disease associated obesity score (DAOS)
2 - Edmonton Obesity Staging System (EOSS)
- scored from 0-4 on how obese and health implications
Which of the following does NOT typically lead to weight gain?
1 - low thyroid hormone
2 - increased testosterone
3 - reduced cortisol
4 - low levels of leptin
5 - all of the above
3 - reduced cortisol
- elevated cortisol increases appetite
Which of the following conditions has NOT typically been linked with obesity?
1 - Hyperthyroidism
2 - Cushing’s disease/syndrome (high secretion of adrenocorticotropic)
3 - Hypothalamic lesions
4 - Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
5 - Iatrogenic: drugs, e.g. antipsychotic medication, glucose-lowering medication (sulfonylureas and insulin), GCs. recreational drugs, e.g. cannabis.
1 - Hyperthyroidism
- this would cause weight loss
- hypothyroidism is linked to weight gain
In the majority of the world, is being overweight or underweight associated with higher mortality rates?
- overweight
is obesity and overweight only a problem in high income countries?
- no it is now present in middle and low income countries
In England between 2017 and 2018, what % of year 6 school children were classified as obese?
1 - 2%
2 - 12%
3 - 20%
4 - 40%
3 - 20%
At what age in men and women does obesity peak in England according to NHS stats?
1 - M = 55-64 and F = 65-74 y/o
2 - M = 65-74 and F = 55-64 y/o
3 - M and F = 55-64
4 - M and F = 55-64
1 - M = 55-64 and F = 65-74 y/o
- men = 55-64 years old
- women = 65-74 years old
- obesity generally increases with age
How does obesity affect cellular and metabolic mechanisms?
1 - increases insulin resistance
2 - impairs pancreatic function
3 - increases hepatic glucose output
4 - increases circulating fatty acids
5 - all of the above
5 - all of the above
- increased fat in organs impairs function and increases insulin resistance
- essentially obesity impairs metabolic function
Does obesity affect joints?
- yes
- increased weight increases wear and tear
- increased risk of osteoarthritis
Does obesity affect the airways?
- yes
- can cause a restrictive lung disease
- increases fat around airways
- increases risk of asthma and sleep apnoea
What is one of the most common diseases that is associated with central obesity?
1 - T2DM
2 - Ischaemic heart disease
3 - NAFLD
4 - CKD
1 - T2DM
- always test patients who are obese for diabetes
The NICE guidelines have identified how to assess and identify and manage patients with obesity based on their risk factors that encompass BMI, wasit circumference and co-morbidities. What are the 4 levels of the intervention plan?
- level 1 = general advice healthy weight and lifestyle
- level 2 = diet and physical health
- level 3 = diet and physical activity, drugs
- level 4 = diet and physical activity, drugs, surgery
When discussing diets with patients they should be tailored to the individual. Typically patients basal metabolic rate should be calculated and then what number of calories should be subtracted from this?
1 - 250
2 - 600
3 - 1000
4 - 2000
2 - 600
- this is kcals and should be the aim for each day
