Obesity Flashcards
What are some causes of obesity?
- Genetics
- Emotional factors –> depression, eating disorders
- Sedentary lifestyle/ lack of physical activity
- Overeating
- Medications
- Smoking
- Alcoholism
- Insomnia
- Hormonal changes
What are some health conditions that people with obesity are at risk of?
- High blood pressure
- Cancer
- Heart diseases
- Type 2 diabetes
- Infertility
- Sleep Apnea
- Stroke
- Depression
- Liver disease
- Kidney disease
- Pregnancy complications
- Gallstones
What is adipose tissue? And what does it do?
Connective tissue where fat is stored
- Releases hormones that communicate with other parts of the body such as the brain, liver, and pancreas
- Energy storage –> to be metabolised when food is scarce
What is leptin?
The satiety hormone that is found in adipose tissue.
Is able to go through blood brain barrier
What is ghrelin?
The hunger hormone –> stimulates appetite, increases food uptake and promotes fat storage
Found in the gut
What is the hormone pathway involved once food has been eaten?
Food –> Insulin release from B cells in pancreatic islets –> adipose tissue receptors –> upregulate leptin synthesis –> leptin travels to brain through blood brain barrier –> the brain produces neuropeptides to down regulate ghrelin –> signals send to stomach, liver and pancreas –> feeling of satiety
What is the hormone pathway involved when a stomach is empty?
Ghrelin travels to brain through blood-brain barrier –> brain down-regulates leptin —>
What is peripheral hyperleptinaemia?
High levels of leptin the blood
What is central hypoleptinaemia?
Low levels of leptin in the brain
What is the MC4R gene?
What happens if it is disrupted?
The key regulator of energy homeostasis, food intake, and body weight.
Disruption of MC4R expression can lead to hyperphagia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia
- It accounts for 6% of obesity cases
What can happen to the body after bariatric surgery?
They can experience leptin and insulin hypersensitivity due to large amounts of fat being removed
How long does it take for leptin circulatory levels to increase?
20 minutes
How long does it take for insulin levels to affected after ingesting food?
5 minutes
How does ghrelin help promote obesity?
- Overproduction
- Decreased suppression golloeinh mral
What does Orlistat do?
Lipase inhibitors
Triglycerides are not able to be broken down into fatty acids and monoglycerides
Less fat absorbed
Reduce ability to absorb fat-soluble vitamins
Risk of osteoporosis –> B12 malabsorption
Good between 3-6 months
Side effects
- Headaches
- Increased risk of kidney stones
- Abdominal pain
- Oily spotting from the rectum
