Obesity Flashcards
What is the definition and occurance of obestiy
- Excessive accumulation of (white) fat tissue
- Energy intake > utilization
- Overweight ca/fe: ideal body weight +15-30%
- Obese ca/fe: ideal body weight + >30%
- Occurrence of obesity ca/fe: 20-45%
- Endocrine disease: <1% of obese ca/fe
What is the two-component model
A technique of masuring body composition based on two components: 🔺Fat Mass (FM) - Energy reserve (fat) - Homogeneous composition - Water and potassium free 🔺 Fat Free Mass (FFM) - Health state - Constant ratio of components (minerals, ec/ic water, glycogen)
What are different methods/modles we can use to describe body composition and nutritional status?
- Body weight (change)
- Body Condition Score (BCS)
- Cachexia Score (sick animals) = Muscle Condition Score (MCS)
- Morphometric measurements
- Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)
- Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) (Most specific- density of both soft tissues and bone - osteopor.!)
- (Densitometry, CT/MRI, whole body potassium )
- (Chemical analysis of dead body) most accurate but can only be done in dead…
What does the body weight measure inform us about?
- No information on body composition
- Modified by dehydration or fluid accumulation
- Scale: exact, same (Should be appropriate for the size of patient)
- Monitor changes! (Most imp thing of bwt! Growth, decr: fat accumulation or loss (or other))
What does the body condition scoring (BCS) inform us about?
- 1…3…5 or 1…5…9 - charts
- Most practical (Very important, valuble - should be part of basic values!)
BUT: - Subjective
- Investigator-to-investigator variance
- Body composition is only estimated
What are the basic causes of obesity
- lower Basic Metabolic Rate (BMR)
- lower Physical activity
- higher Energy intake
We rarely have them alone! May influence eachother
Describe the possible backgrounds of decreased BMR
- Breed, genetic factors (retriever, beagle, spaniel, dachshund…)
- Gender:
The female ffm is lower than the male ffm, so the female bmr is lower too as their energy demand is lower.
➡️ in most spp female is more predisp to develope obesity - Neutering decr the BMR
- Aging decrease the energy demand/BMR
➡️ Ca: 7-12 years = esp prone to obesity - Hypothyroidism decr. BMR
Describe the connection between neutering and obesity
🔺Neutered dogs: prevalence of obesity 2x!!!
- BMR ⬇️
- Appetite ⬆️
- Physical activity ⬇️
🔺 Fe: castrated Male can dev most severe obesity!
Indoor neut. (diff in dog - female)
🔺 Energy demand 30% ⬇️ (must red. Intake!)
🔺 2-3 body weight and BCS
monitoring in the year following neutering!
Describe the connection btw hypothyroidism and obesity
- Especially if the breed is predisposed to both (Eg. Beagles)
- FM increase, FFM normal!
- BMR decrease, physical activity decrease (lethargy)
What are causes of decreased physical activity
🔺Indoor lifestyle - Room dog: 31% - Garden dog: 23% 🔺Aging (Painful joint, bone diseases also a factor) 🔺Owner's lifestyle
Describe higher energy intake as cause of obesity
🔺 Polyphagia (pathology, hormones, drugs)
- Cushing’s syndrome!!, stress, (acromegaly)
- Medications: glucocorticoids, progestins, antiepileptics (phenobarbital)
🔺 Calories (fat and carbohydrates) in food ⬆️
- eg. Diet wrong proportion of nutrients, right amount of food.
🔺 Feeding problem/error
- Too big/frequent doses or ad libitum feeding
- Treats, “snacking” at family meals
- Competing for food, more pets in the family
- More family members are feeding
- Feeding ≠ love, voracity ≠ health, snacks ≠ boredom killing
What is the connection bwt Cushing’s syndrome and obesity
- higher fat mass, lower(!) Fat free mass
- Abdominal size increase/pot belly, muscle weakness (decr. Activity contr more to problem aswell!)
Describe the connection betweein higher calorie/fat content of food and obesity
🔺 The energy concentration of fat is highest 🔺 Satiety - Fat ☹️ - Carbohydrate 🙂 - Protein/amino acid 🙂 🔺 Utilization/digestebility of energy content (monogastric) - Fat 98% - Carbohydrate 94% - Protein 77% 🔺 Fat supplement: palatability ⬆️
How might obesity be a health risk?
🔺Physical
🔺 Endocrinologic and metabolic
🔺 Other
How does the physical consequences of obesity influence the health?
🔺 Increased load on joints/bones
- Ca: cruciate ligament rupture, discopathy
🔺 Tracheal collapse (ca)
🔺 Heatstroke (ca) (more “insulation”/fat tissue
