OB/GYN Flashcards by Ashley Holcomb

Implantation of the fertilized egg occurs day ______ of the pregnancy

20-23

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_____ MSD should always demonstrate a fetal pole on TV U/S

> 16 mm

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_____ MSD should always demonstrate a fetal pole with TA U/S

> 25 mm

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With TV U/S, you should always see a gestational sac at _____ weeks

@ 4 weeks

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With TV U/S, you should always see a yolk sac at ____ weeks

@ 5.5 weeks

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With TV U/S, you should always see a heart at ____ weeks

@ 6 weeks

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With TV US, a yolk sac should always be visualized in any gestational sac greater than _____ mm in size

8 mm

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Using TA US, a yolk sac should always be identified in any gestational sac greater than ______ MSD

20 mm

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If fertilization occurs, ______ will stop the regression of corpus luteum cyst so that it can produce progesterone to stimulate the decidual reaction

bhCG

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The number of yolk sacs can be used to determine the ______ of a multifetal pregnancy

Amniocity

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Regarding a twin pregnancy, if the zygote occurs BEFORE day 4 of gestation, this will result in ___/___ twins

Dichorionic/Diamniotic

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If the division of zygote occurs between day 4 & 8 of gestation, this will result in ___/___ twins

Monochorionic/Diamniotic

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If division of zygote occurs between day 8 & 13 of gestation, this will result in
___/___ twins

Monochromic/Monoamniotic

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If the division of the zygote is not complete by day 13, this will result in ____ twins

Conjoined

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Cardiac activity can first be identified in an embryo with a CRL of ____ @ 6 weeks gestation

5 mm

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A yolk sac greater than _____ usually indicates a blighted ovum or fetal abnormalities of the fetal pole is detected

6 mm

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______ & ______ produce progesterone

Corpus lute all cyst & placenta

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The CSP is located ______ to the thalamus lobes

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Where is the 3rd ventricle located?

Between the 2 thalamus loves

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________ refers to when the yolk sac persists into adulthood as a diverticulum in the ileum portion of bowel

Meckel’s Diverticulitis

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Oxygenated blood flow path

umbilical vein
left portal vein (ductus venosus)
IVC
right atrium

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The highest concentration of oxygenated blood in the heart is located in the _______

Right atrium

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The fetal stomach should be routinely visualized by week _____

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Up until 16 weeks, the ______ produce amniotic fluid until the baby takes over

Chorion, amnion & placenta

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The vessels in the 3 vessels view

Pulmonary artery, aorta & SVC

Fetal heart chamber located most anterior

Right ventricle

How early can the fetal kidneys be identified?

12 weeks

The fetal bladder can be seen as early as ____?

10 weeks

Blood entering the fetus in the umbilical vein is divided between _______?

Ductus venosus & portal vein

The fetal umbilical arteries branch from the fetal ______

Internal iliac arteries

The normal corpus luteum cyst usually seems to regress by _________ & is often resolved by week 16

Week 14

_______ stimulates the cervix to produce mucous just prior to ovulation

Estrogen

The PROXIMAL femoral epiphyseal on US by week _______

The DISTAL femoral epiphyseal can be seen on US by week _____

At 26 weeks, the spinal cord tip can be seen at what level?

Late in the 3rd trimester, the spinal cord tip can be seen at what level?

The aqueduct of Sylvia’s connects the ?

3rd & 4th ventricles

What best describes the Doppler waveforms obtained from uterine artery of a gravid uterus ?

Low resistance, average velocity

I’m a normal pregnancy, the placenta should be equal to ?

Weeks of gestation + 10mm

Butt down with legs straight in front of abdomen

Frank breech

Butt down, legs folded, knees bent, ankles crossed

Complete breech

Feet down with baby feet on cervix

Footling breech

_____ refers to normal finding of sebum & epithelial cells that cause white free floating within amniotic fluid late in pregnancy

Vernix

Blood from the SVC & IVC enters the ?

Right atrium

The fetal kidneys begin producing fluid by week 12 & completely take over by week ____

Uterine wall layer composed of muscle & is involved in delivery

Myometrium

UT & CX displaced to the left

Levoposition

Cx is ML while uterine body is flexed to the left

Levoflexion

UT & CX displaced to the right

Dextroposition

CX is ML while uterine body is flexed to the right

Dextroflexion

AKA intramural part of Fallopian tube MOST DANGEROUS SPOT FOR ECTOPIC!!!!

Interstitial

Widest & longest portion of tube. Egg fertilization normally occurs here. Most ectopics occurs here

Ampulla

Part of tube that contains fimbria Trumpet shaped end opens up into pelvic peritoneal cavity

Infundibulum

Portion of the peritoneum connecting anterior ovary to posterior broad ligament

Broad ligament

Fibromuscular bands extending from interns to labia majora and helps maintain normal uterine position

Cardinal ligament

Free margin of broad ligament where Fallopian tubes travel

Mesosalpinx

Muscles of the greater pelvis

- rectus abdominus - transverse abdominus - psoas major - iliopsoas

______ is responsible for stimulating contraction of Fallopian tubes to propel egg toward uterine cavity

Estrogen

The suspensory ligament & broad ligament are composed of _____

Peritoneum

The ovary is normally found in the fossa of _____

Waldeyer

________ can sometimes be mistaken for the ovaries

Normal piriformis & iliopsoas muscles

If fertilization does not occur after ovulation, the corpus luteum becomes ?

Corpus albicans

Which hormone causes the endometrium to thicken during the proliferative phase?

Estrogen

______ produce progesterone & bhCG in early pregnancy. These cells develop into chorionic villi of placenta

Trophoblastic cells

Rigid structure that firmly holds the uterus in position in the pelvic cavity

Broad ligament

A surge of _____ causes ovulation

Luteinizing hormone

_______ of the brain produce hormones that influence the ovaries

Pituitary gland & hypothalamus

Oral contraceptives suppress the production of _______ to prevent follicular maturation

FSH

Doppler waveforms from a normal ovary

Low resistance, low velocity

Which pelvis muscles form the lateral pelvic walls

Obturator internus

Average size of a nulliparous uterus

8 x 5 x 3 cm

Normal ovary measurement

3 x 2 x 1 cm with a volume of 6-13 cc

? Refers to a woman who has had 5 or more infants who achieved 24 weeks or more

Grand multiparity

Woman who are grand multiparity have an increased risk for ?

- placenta previa or accreta - hemorrhage - uterine rupture - dysfunctional labor

______ muscles form the pelvis floor

Levator ani & coccygeus

Greater pelvis is AKA

False pelvis

Flat muscle extending laterally on both sides of vaginal cuff

Levator ani

Non-dominant follicles do no usually exceed ?

11 mm

Gonadatropin Releasing Hormone (GRH) is produced by the ?

Hypothalamus

A dominant follicle will usually reach a diameter of ______ just prior to ovulation

2.5 cm

? stimulates the endometrial proliferation in the secretory phase, after ovulation occurs.

Progesterone

Most commonly a unilateral finding of a hypoechoic mass in a postmenopausal woman. It is benign & produces estrogen

Granulosa cell tumor AKA theca cell tumor

Most common type of Müllerian duct anomaly

Separate uterus

U/S findings associated with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

- ascites - pleural effusion - bilateral ovarian enlargement (>5 cm)

Adhesions of the endometrial lining due to uterine trauma

Asherman syndrome

Commons symptoms associated with Asherman Syndrome

- amenorrhea - hypomenorrhea - recurrent miscarriage - infertility

Rupture of a ________ can lead to bleeding from the uterine arteries that can be life threatening to the patient

Interstitial ectopic

another term used to describe the dermoid plug

Rokitansky nodule

Rokitansky nodule is often seen with what type of pelvic mass ?

Cystic teratoma

When the cephalon part of the neural tube fails to close, ___ occurs

Anencephaly

When the distal end of the neural tube fails to close, _____ occurs

Spina bifida

A blighted ovum is diagnosed when a mean GSD greater than ___ without a fetal pole is seen on TA & TV * an enlarged yolk sac is commonly present

TV- 16 mm TA- 25 mm

Pseudomyoxoma peritonei is a complication of which type of tumor?

Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma

Normal endometrial thickness in the secretory phase

9-18 mm

An ectopic pregnancy will almost always been on the ?

Same side as the corpus luteum

Benign unillcular cysts usually do no exceed _____

5 cm

An embryo is most sensitive to teratogenic effects when ?

Between 3 & 8 weeks gestation

Absence of menarchy after age 15

Primary amenorrhea

_______ often forms due to mets, most commit from GI tract primary

Krukenberg tumor

Dot-dash pattern refers to sonographic appearance of ?

Dermoid mesh

Premenopausal woman are more susceptible to ?

Mucinous cystadenoma

Postmenopausal women are susceptible to ?

Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma

_____ refers to air in the circulatory system of the fetal abdomen that occurs with fetal demise

Robert’s sign

Most common cause for postmenopausal bleeding

Endometrial atrophy

Most common NTD’s

Anencephaly & spina bifida

Most common GYN cancer

Endometrial carcinoma

Benign ovarian neoplasms that secrete estrogen

Thecomas & granulosa cell tumors

Most commonly occurring germ cell tumor of ovary

Benign cystic teratoma

Most common cause of pelvic congestion

Incompetent left ovarian vein

Bleeding more than 1 week, cramping, PROM, & cervical shortening are consistent with ?

Inevitable AB

Most common adnexal mass

Ovarian cyst

Metritis is often associated with ?

Leukocytosis

Flow in normal ovaries with a corpus luteum cyst will be low resistance with a RI value between ?

0.4 - 0.6

Most common in premenopausal females

- cystic teratoma - serous cystadenoma - mucinous cystadenoma - sertili-leyding cell tumor

Most common in postmenopausal women

- granulosa cell tumor (theca-lutein cell tumor) - thecoma - fibroma

Cystic mass between the wall of the abdomen and the anterior wall of the bladder is called _____

Urachal cyst

Anasarca is commonly seen with ?

Fetal hydrops

Which trisomies exhibit the defects associated with Pentalogy of Cantrell ?

13 & 18

When evaluating a fetus with IUGR, the umbilical artery will demonstrate which type of flow pattern ?

Minimal to absent diastolic flow

Defects caused by neuralation during fetal development include ?

- spina bifida - anencephaly - encephaloceles - myelomeningoceles

Most common fetal intracardiac mass seen appears as an echogenic mass

Rhabdomyoma

Maternal abnormality that can be caused by a large fibroid uterus

Hydronephrosis

What is present is the heart & stomach are seen on the same transverse view ?

A diaphragmatic hernia

_____ is an austosomal recessive disorder that is most common in Amish communities - mesomelia - short ribs - narrow thorax - polydactyl - ASD

Ellis van Crevald syndrome

A normal cerebellum vermis can be seen with ? | * not DWM

Megacisterna magna

Most common cause of hydrocephalus

Aqueductal stenosis

____ are facial anomalies caused by low fluid

Potter facies

Most severe form of TTTS

Acardia

AKA Edwards syndrome

Trisomy 18

Increase in peak systolic velocity of the middle cerebral artery of a fetal on serial exams often indicates ______

Fetal anemia

Most common characteristic of cleindocranial dysplasia is ?

Clavicular aplasia & hypoplasia

In patients with agenesis of the corpus callosum, the lateral central horns are displaced ______ & have a _______ appearance

Displaced laterally with a teardrop appearance

AKA Patau syndrome

Trisomy 13

Trisomy 13 is associated with ?

- IUGR - holoprosencephaly - microcephaly - ml facial clefting - ocular abnormalities - polydactyl - echogenic kidneys

Absence of nasal bone & a shortened ML pharynx of 5th digit are characteristics of ?

Trisomy 21

Increased resistance & decreased diastolic flow is indicative of a fetus with ?

IUGR

Shortening of most distal portion (hand,foot) of an extremity

Acromelia

Refers to smooth brain tissue with absence of sulcri & gyri indentations * best evaluated with MRI

Lissencephaly

______ causes a low platelet count & increased LFT’s

Preeclampsia

_____ is commonly associated with DORV

Hypoplastic left heart

_______ are related to single or multiple calcifications in the fetal liver * if these are ruled out then the prognosis is good

- intrauterine infection - meconium peritonitis - chromosomal abnormalities

___________ leads to an AV malformation in the brain. This causes an increased amount of flow within the venous system causing fluid accumulation, CHF, & hydrops.

Vein of Galen aneurysm

Skin webbing between fingers

Syndactyly

Arching of the 4th & 5th digits toward thumb

Clinidactyly

Most common causes of CSF production obstruction & ventriculomegaly

Aqueductal stenosis

Combination of ostium primum ASD & inlet VSD

AV canal defect

_________ is more accurate than the lemon sign in predicting spina bifida

Banana sign

The banana sign is seen with ____% of patients with spina bifida

99%

Findings of echogenic bowel, meconium peritonitis, meconium ileus, & absent gallbladder indicate the fetus most likely has ______

Cystic fibrosis

Blood within Fallopian tube

Hematosalpinx

Cyst that contains blood

Hemorrhagic cyst

Hormone produced by trophoblastic cells; may be used as a tumor marker in nongravid patients & males

hCG

Fluid in Fallopian tube

Hydrosalpinx

Excessive vomiting

Hyperemesis

Radiographic procedure that uses dye instilled into endometrial cavity & Fallopian tubes to check for abnormalities

Hysterosalpingography

Distal segment of tube

Infundibulum

Segment of tube that lies within uterine horn (curnu)

Interstitial

Segment of tube located between interstitial & ampulla

Isthmus

Malignant tumor that metastasizes. Most likely from GI tract

Krukenberg tumor

Destruction or breaking down

-lysis

Developing into cancer

Malignant degeneration

Ascites & pleural effusion in lresence of benign ovarian tumor

Meigs syndrome

Abnormally heavy & prolonged period

Menorrhagia

Germ cell layer of embryo that develops into circulatory system, muscles, reproductive system & other structures

Mesoderm

Pelvic pain at time of ovulation

Mittleschmerz

Creation of ovum

Oogenesis

Release of a mature egg from ovary

Ovulation

Small protrusion of tissue

Papillary projection

Contraction that moves in a wave-like pattern to propel a substance

Peristalsis

Intraperitoneal extension of mucin-secreting cells that result from the rupture it a malignant mucinous ovarian tumor or possibly a malignant tumor of appendix

Pseudomyoxoma peritonei

Pus within the Fallopian tube

Pyosalpinx

Oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands

Sebum

Malignant sex cord strongly ovarian neoplasm associated with virilization

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor

Tumor marker elevated in presence of an ovarian dysgerminoma & other abdominal abnormalities

Serum lactate dehydrogenase

Ovarian tumors that arise from gonadal ridges

Sex cord stromal tumors

Ovarian cyst found with presence of elevated levels of hCG

Theca lutein cyst

Benign ovarian sex cord stromal tumor that produces estrogen in older woman

Thecoma

Indicator of torsed ovarian pedicle adjacent to ovary, appear as round mass with concentric hypoechoic & hyperechoic rings that demonstrate swirling color Doppler

“Whirlpool” sign

Malignant germ cell tumor of ovary

Yolk sac tumor

After the Graafian follicle has ruptured, its structure is converted into the _____

Corpus luteum

Finger-like extensions of tube

Fimbria

Hair-like projections within the tube

Cilia

Inner layer of the wall of the Fallopian tube

Mucosal layer

_______ if associated with the “whirlpool” sign

Ovarian torsion

Stage at which conceptus implants within the decidualized endometrium

Blastocyst

Ovarian mass associated with molar pregnancy & elevated hCG

Theca lutein cyst

Is a dysgerminoma benign or malignant?

Malignant

- usual adnexal location - asymptomatic - AKA chocolate cyst

Endometrioma

Adnexal pathology associated with Meigs syndrome, ascites, & hydrothorax is in conjunction with _________

Ovarian fibroma

Remaining structure of corpus luteum after its deterioration

Corpus albicans

Lack of muscle in the dome of diaphragm

Eventration of diaphragm

US findings associated with _________ - indistinct endomyometrial interface - focal & diffuse bulkiness of posterior uterine wall - focal cystic areas within myometrium - hetero uterine texture

Adenomyosis

Ovarian tumor accompanied with pelvic ascites usually suggests malignancy. An exception to this rule would be _____ ?

Ovarian fibroma

Which hormone maintains thickness of endometrium after ovulation?

Progesterone

Least severe form of holoprosencephaly

Lobar holoprosencephaly

“Smooth brain” Condition with little to no gyri or sulci within cerebral cortex

Lissencephaly

Hemorrhage located within ventricles of the brain

Intraventricular hemorrhage

Hemorrhage within cranium

Intracranial hemorrhage

Mass of tissues located within 3rd ventricle within the ML of brain - connects 2 loves of thalamus (massa intermedia)

Interthalmic adhesion

Groove within the ML of brain that divides the 2 cerebral hemispheres

Interhemispheric fissure

Shortage or decreased oxygen in blood

Hypoxia

Things associated with nonimmune hydrops

- anasarca - ascites - polyhydramnios - pleural effusion

Reduced distance between orbits

Hypotelorism

Incomplete growth of a structure or organ

Hypoplasia

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in atleast 2 cavities

Hydrops

Dilation of ventricular system caused by increased volume of CSF, resulting in increased intraventricular pressure

Hydrocephalus

Fatal condition in which the entire cerebrum is replaced by a large sac containing CSF

Hydranencephaly

Group of brain abnormalities consisting of various degrees of fusion of lateral ventricles & associated fetal anomalies

Holoprosencephaly

Folds in cerebral cortex

Gyri

Largest part of choroid

Glomus

Classic clinical triad of an EUP

- pain - vaginal bleeding - palpable adnexal mass

Most common location for an EUP

Ampulla portion of tube

Compression maneuver is used to ?

- compress fat - determine tissue response - elicit tissue response - displace bowel

Are cystadenoma painless?

Yes

In Sag on TV, the bladder will fill which corner?

Left upper

_________ is associated with..... - chorioadenoma destruens - molar pregnancy - multiple gestational - fertility assistance

Hypermemesis gravidarium

Body position for a TV exam | Child birth position

Lithotomy

Best way to relieve supine hypotension syndrome

Rolling only left side

If you should suspect pelvic ascites, you should also check _____ ?

Morrison’s pouch

A patient taking birth control pills greater than 5 years is at an increased risk for developing ____ ?

Hepatic adenoma

Androblastomas (ex: sertoli-leydig) cause _____ ?

Hirsutism

Androgenic tumors are AKA

Androblastomas

Amdrogenic tumors do what ?

- secrete testosterone | - cause masculinization

Dr’s office based exam to see direct visualization of cx

Colposcopy

Most common site for extrauterine adnexal mass

Ovary

A teratoma contains fissures from _____

- ectoderm - endoderm - mesoderm

A benign & estrogenic tumor describes ?

Granulosa cell tumor

Stein-leventhal syndrome is characterized by _____

- obesity - hirsutism - infertility

If a suspicious adnexal mass is seen, you would scan _____

Lymph nodes

DES was prescribed to women from 1940’s to 1060’s to ______ Later banned in 1971

Inhibit spontaneous AB

What is a krukenberg tumor? Aka Carcinoma muccocellulare

Mets tumor from GI tract

_______ is true for diagnosis of club foot

Metatarsals & toes like in the same plane as tibia & fibula

Condition associated with bilateral agenesis oligohydramnios & fusion of lower extremities

Sirenomelia

Fusion of digits

Syndactyly

Clover leaf skull & hydrocephalus is seen with ______ ?

Thanatophoric dysplasia

On US, if you see a mass extending from the distal spine, this could possibly be _____ ?

- sacrococcygeal teratoma - teratoma - myelomeningocele

Absence of radius

Radial day defect

Sirenomelia is commonly called _____?

Mermaid syndrome

Associated with amniotic band syndrome

- amputation - anencephaly - facial clefting

Signs of Arnold Chiara II malformation

- banana & lemon sign | - colpocephaly

Bell shaped chest & multiple fetal fractures are indicative of ______

Osteogenesis imperfect

If you not when pressure is applied to skull that it can be easily be distorted, this is evidence of ______

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Characteristic US findings of achrondrogensis

- Micromelia - absent mineralization of pelvis - polyhydramnios

Absent long bones, with hands & feet arising from shoulders & hips

Phocomelia

Absent sacrum & coccyx

Caudal regression syndrome

Rhizomelia denotes ?

Shortening of PROXIMAL segment of limb

Thalamus tissue located within the 3rd ventricle of brain that can become enlarged with Chiari II

Massa intermedia

Limitation of limbs as a result is joint contractures

Arythrogryposis

Achondroplasia is associated with ?

- frontal bossing - flattened nasal bone - trident hand

Most common non lethal skeletal dysplasia

Achondroplasia

In VACTERL, “L” stands for ?

Limb

Group of fetal head & brain abnormalities that often coexist with spina bifida

Arnold Chiari II malformation

______ could increase the likelihood of fetus developing sirenomelia & caudal regression syndrome

Pre-existing maternal diabetes

Disorder resulting in abnormal bone growth & dwarfism

Achondroplasia

Clinical or US findings associated with LBWC

- ventral walll defect - marked scoliosis - shortened umbilical cord

Group of nuclei within brain that function in several ways, including information processing & emotional response

Basal ganglia

Most common benign tumor of uterus

Leiomyoma

Bicornuate uterus is a congenital malformation resulting from incomplete fusion of ______

Müllerian ducts

Typical ovarian flow is said to be high resistance during which phases?

- early follicular | - late luteal

Ovarian flow is said to be low resistance during which phases?

- late follicular | - early luteal

Most common benign ovarian tumor

Ovarian cystic teratoma | Dermoid cyst

AKA trisomy 13

Patau syndrome

Most accurate method to determine gestational age

CRL

Trophoblasts of blastocysts become ?

Chorion

______ can be associated with low hCG levels

- wrong dates - embryonic demise - missed AB

Foramen ovale permits blood to pass from the ______ to the ______

From right atrium to left atrium

Where is the yolk sac located?

Between the amnion & chorion

Dominant hormone in the luteal phase

Progesterone

The Michael fold shouldn’t exceed _____ in a normal pregnancy prior to 21 weeks

6 mm

Least accurate measurement for determining gestation age

Ratio of BPD to OFD determines ?

Cephalic Index

Days 6-13 are in which ovarian phase ?

Follicular

Lateral ventricle atrial width is abnormal if it measures greater than ____

10 mm

Cisterna magna shouldn’t measure greater than ___

1 cm

Hormone primarily responsible for ovulation

Inner cell mass of blastocyst develops into ?

- embryonic disc - amnion - yolk sac

Yolk sac actually seen with US

Secondary yolk sac

Embryo seen without FHT

Missed AB

A fetus coexisting with a hydatiform mole

Partial mole

AKA hypogastric artery

Internal iliac artery

Optimal period to see fetal heart

18-24 weeks

Chorioamniotic separation is normal until _____

16 weeks

A pt who has never had a period

Primary amenorrhea

If a mucinous ovarian malignancy ruptures, it could lead to ____

Pseudomyoxoma peritonei

Cystic mass between fetal anterior abdominal wall & bladder most likely represents

Urachal cyst

When is BPD most accurate?

12-33 weeks

US findings with esophageal atresia

- absent stomach - polyhydramnios - IUGR

Ovarian cyst that forms as a result of failure of Graafian follicle to ovulate

Follicular cyst

Disease associated with abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic cells during pregnancy - molar pregnancy

Gestational trophoblastic disease

Dominant follicle prior to ovulation

Graafian follicle

With low AFP, you should check for _____

Trisomy 21

After delivery

Puerperium

Hypotelorism & nose with a single nostril

Cebocephaly

Round skull shape

Brachycephaly

Growth disorder syndrome associated with enlargement of several organs including the skull, tongue & liver

Beck with-wiedemann syndrome

Fetal weight greater than 90th percentile it 4500 g

Macrosomnia

How often does anencephaly occur ?

Approximately 1 in 1000 live births

Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion results in ?

Acardiac twin

How often does acardiac twins occur ?

1 in 30,000

Fetal blood transfusion is rarely successful before _____

18 weeks

_____ is packed into the umbilical vein during intrauterine blood transfusion

Red blood cells

Twins conjoined at anterior abdominal wall

Omphalopagus

Approximately 20% of fetuses with trisomy 21 are found in women whose _____ level is low ?

MSAFP

Symmetric IUGR May be associated with what Doppler finding ?

Low resistance middle cerebral artery

Most complications with twins relate to ?

Chorionicity

Amniocity refers to ?

of amniotic sacs

Chorionicity refers to ?

of placentas

_____ is a complication that can occur when 1 twin dies in utero & shares a placenta with surviving twin

Twin Embolization Syndrome (TES)

How often does TTTS occur in monochorionic twins?

15-30%

During pregnancy, tenderness over kidneys could suggest ____

Pyelonephritis

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is known to increase a patients risk for ?

- preterm labor - ectopics - uterus malformations - cervical cancer

Dermoid cysts contain tissue originating from ?

- endoderm - ectoderm - mesoderm

In origin, most adnexal masses are ?

Cystic & ovarian

Characteristics of spina bifida

- banana/lemon sign - enlarged massa intermedia - closed defect - sacral dimple - hemangioma

Ovarian cancer can cause ______ which is thickening on anterior abdomen wall with ascites

“Omental cake”

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome consists of _______

RUQ pain & PID

Cells that produce hCG

Trophoblastic cells

Form of acrania in which entire cerebrum is located outside of skull

Exencephaly

Lining of ventricles within brain

Ependyma

Elongated, barrow head shape AKA scaphocephaly

Dolicocephaly

Spectrum of posterior fossa abnormalities that involve cystic dilation of cisterna magna & 4th ventricle

Dandy-walker complex

Fusion of orbits

Cyclopia

Premature closure of cranial sutures with subsequent fusion of cranial bones

Craniosynostosis

Thick white band of white matter that provides communication between right & left halves of brain

Corpus callosum

Abnormal lateral ventricle shape where there is a small frontal horn & enlarged occipital horn

Colpocephaly

Paired structures located anterior to cerebral aqueduct

Cerebral peduncles

Duct that connects 3rd & 4th ventricle | AKA aqueduct of Sylvius

Cerebral aqueduct

Estrogen producing ovarian tumor

Thecoma

If a it presents with elevated serum AFP, what is likely?

Yolk sac tumor

Ovarian cyst that appears with gestational trophoblastic disease

Theca lutein cyst

Most common malignancy of ovary

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

Short & narrow segment of tube, distal to interstitial segment

Isthmus

Modular structure located along the falx cerebri that reabsorb CSF into the venous system

Arachnoid granulations

Abnormal lateral curvature of spine

Scoliosis

Benign cysts within brain that don’t communicate with ventricular system

Arachnoid cyst

Abnormal narrowing of cerebral aqueduct

Aqueductal stenosis

Cerebral aqueduct is AKA

Aqueduct of Sylvius

Opening in a structure

Aperture

Genetic disorder that includes craniosynostosis, ML facial hypoplasia, & cerebral hemispheres

Alert syndrome

Absence of eyes

Anophthalmia

Most severe form of holoprosencephaly

Alobar

Coverings of brain & spinal cord

Meninges

In VACTERL, “C” stands for ?

Cardiac

Enlarged cisterna magna, measuring greater than 10 mm

Mega cisterna magna

Subdivision within middle of lip

Median cleft lip

Fetal syndrome associated with - microcephaly - occipital encephalocele - polydactyl - PCKD

Meckel-Gruber syndrome

Enlarged HC

Microcephaly

Doppler waveforms in a 2nd trimester from artery supplying trophoblastic tissue will demonstrate _____

High amplitude, low resistance

If a pelvic mass during pregnancy requires surgery, the best time would be _____

16-20 weeks

Dilation of bladder & posterior urethra

“Keyhole” sign

Tumor ectopic endometrial tissue

Endomatrioma

Ovarian mass associated with virilization

Sertoli-leydig cell tumor

With ________ ovarian tumor is Meigs syndrome most likely associated with

Fibroma

Which could most likely be confused with a pedunculated fibroid tumor because of its solid appearing structure

Fibroma

Most common benign ovarian tumor

Cystic teratoma

Ovarian cysts most often bilateral, associated with markedly elevated levels of hCG

Theca lutein cysts

Cystic mass commonly noted with pregnancy

Corpus luteum

US appearance of an ovarian dermoid tumor in which only the anterior element of mass can be seen ?

Tip of iceberg sign

Dominant ovarian follicle prior to ovulation

Graafian follicle

Correct formula for calculating ovarian volume

L x W x H x 0.5233

Normal ovarian flow is said to be ?

High resistance during cycle Low resistance @ time of ovulation

What predisposed condition could increase the risk for suffering from ovarian torsion ?

Ovarian mass

Malignant ovarian tumor with a GI origin

Krukenberg tumor

Malignant ovarian mass associated with pseudomyoxoma peritonei is _______

Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma

All of these adnexal masses may appear on US similar to a uterine leiomyoma

- thecoma - fibroma - granulosa cell tumor

Ovarian tumor associated with serum lactate dehydrogenase

Dysgerminoma

Protein produced by developing placenta

- hCG - estriol - PAPP-A

Fusion of thalami & monoventricle are consistent with _____

Trisomy 13

Widened pelvic angles & duodenal atresia are most consistent with US markets for ?

Down syndrome

Another name for most common chromosomal abnormality

Triploidy

Macroglossia is often associated with ?

Trisomy 21

Nonimmune hydrops & ovarian dysgenesis are found in fetuses affected by ?

Turner syndrome

Bilateral choroid plexus cysts, micrognathia, & rocket hottim feet are US findings of a 27 weekend with omphalocele. This is most consistent with ?

Trisomy 18

Absent nasal bones & increased nuchal fold are consistent with ?

Trisomy 21

Structural abnormality that results from abnormal development

Malformation

Condition in which the heart is located partially or completely outside chest

Ectopic cordis

Malformation it malpositioning of tricuspid valve that causes multiple heart defects

Ebstein anomaly

Fetal shunt that connects the umbilical vein to IVC

Ductus venosus

Fetal shunt that connects pulmonary artery to aortic arch

Ductus arteriosus

Genetic disorder characterized by absent or hypoplastic thymus, which ultimately leads to impairment of immune system & succeptibility to infection, as well as cognitive disorders, congenital heart defects, palate defects, & hormonal abnormalities

Digeorge syndrome

Normal HR @ 6 weeks

100-110 bpm

_______ are stimulated by estrogen & can experience rapid growth during pregnancy

Fibroids

Most common fetal presentation

Cephalic

Fetal presentation when babies butt is closest to cx

Frank Breech

Dilation of renal collecting system secondary to obstruction of normal urine flow

Hydronephrosis

Ovarian cyst that develops after ovulation

Corpus luteum cyst

Narrowing of aortic arch

Coarction of aorta

Tendons within the heart that attach to the tricuspid valve in right ventricle & mitral valve in left ventricle to their respective papillary muscle

Chordae tendinae

Herbiation of abdomen contents into chest cavity because of an opening in left posterilateral portion of diaphragm

Bochladek hernia

US appearance of fetal unilateral pleural effusion

Bat wing sign

Artifact produced when beam of barely attenuated thru fluid containing structure

Posterior shadowing

Endometriomas are AKA

Chocolate cyst

Krukenberg Timor’s tend to have a _______ appearance

Moth- eaten

_______ is the most common malignant tumor germ cell tumor of ovarynnovarian equivalent to testicular seminoma

Dysgerminoma

Tumor marker for yolk sac tumor

AFP

Ovarian torsion typically occurs on which side ?

Right

Longest, most torturous segment of tube. Significant part of tube because of its location of fertilization & area where ectopic pregnancies often embed

Ampulla

Abnormal development of central portion of heart AKA endocardium cushion defect

Atrioventricular defect

Most common fetal anomaly detected by US

Hydronephrosis

Splaying if laminae would show ____

V- shaped spine

Abnormal heart shift, NTDs, compression of lungs, failure of diaphragm to form properly, pulmonary hypoplasia, would all suggest ?

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Caudal regression syndrome is associated with ?

- sirenomelia - diabetes - lumbosacral dysplasia

You can best distinguish between omphalocele & gastroschidis by seeing _____

Cord insert

What would cause dangling choroid sign?

Hydrocephalus

Clinidactyly refers to ?

Permanent curvature of a digit

Thickened nuchal fold would suggest ?

Trisomy 21

Double outlet right ventricle is almost always associated with ?

VSD

Syndrome associated with an entire extra set of chromosomes

Triploidy

- moderate posterior position of frontal bone | - abnormal shaped mandible

Micrognathia

Strawberry head shape is associated with ?

Trisomy 18

Head shape associated with thanatophoric dysplasia

Cloverleaf

Flat nose profile, duodenal atresia, mild ventriculomegaly, & echogenic bowel would all suggest ?

Trisomy 21

Holoprosencephaly is often associated with ?

Trisomy 13

Appearance of a femur fracture can be a result of ?

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Talipes is AKA

Clubfoot

Double bubble sign refers to ?

Dilated duodenum next to the stomach

Where do ‘VACTERL’ problems arise from ?

Embryonic mesoderm

What does VACTERL stand for ?

``` Vertebral defects Anal atresia Cardiac defects Tracheoesophageal fistula Renal abnormalities Limb abnormalities ```

Most common NTD that is ALWAYS lethal

Anencephaly

Cystic hygroma is often associated with ?

Turner syndrome

Congenital absence of bilateral kidneys & sever oligohydramnios suggests ?

Classic Potter sequence

_____ is characterized by bilateral clefts in cerebellum & has a poor prognosis

Hydranencephaly

Doppler waveforms obtained from an artery supplying an intracranial AVM may exhibit _____

Low pulsatility index

Enzyme found within blood that can be used to monitor renal function. Can also be used as a tumor marker for some ovarian tumors

Lactate dehydrogenase

Painful or difficult urination

Dysuria

Painful sex

Dyspareunia

Difficult or painful periods

Dysmenorrhea

Birth defect in which external genitalia appear neither male or female

Ambiguous genetalia

Typically with anencephaly, MSAFP levels will be ?

Elevated

Typically with gastroschisis, MSAFP levels will be ?

Elevated

In TPAL, the L refers to ?

Live births

Clinical signs of hypotensive syndrome include ?

- tachycardia - nausea - pallor

Painless 2nd trimester bleeding is mostly associated with ?

Placenta previa

What would be decreased with presence of Edwards syndrome ?

- estriol - hCG - AFP

Things produced by placenta

- hCG - Papp-a - inhibin a

Myelomeningocele is associated with ?

Spina bifida

Most common mass associated with pregnancy

Corpus luteum

NT is optimally measured between 11 & 13 weeks & 6 days, when CRL measures between ?

45-84 mm

Vitelline duct is AKA ?

Omphomesentric duct 1 vein, 1 artery

By adding 30 to MSD, you get an estimate for ?

Gestational age in days

Normal hCG levels double every ____ in 1st trimester

48 hours

What are hCG levels like with a complete molar pregnancy

Noticeably increased

HCG level with twins will be ?

Increased

HCG level with a miscarriage

Decreased

HCG level with a blighted ovum

Decreased

HCG level with an ectopic

Decreased

A gestational sac should usually be seen between ____ & ____ mIu per ml with TV US

1000 & 2000

In the 1st trimester, _____ maintains the corpus luteum of ovary so it can continue to produce progesterone

HCG

Most dependent recess in the body

Pouch of Douglas

Ovarian mass that does not secrete hormones

Theca lutein cyst

Fetal lung maturity can be detected via amniocentesis by presence of ?

Phoephatidyl-glycerol

Elevated serum estrogen levels clinically can be associated with ?

- thickened endometrium - ovarian mass - multiple follicles

Most common location for a encephalocele

Occipital

Presence of asymmetric encephalocele raises suspicion for ?

Limb body wall complex

Failure of fusion of Müllerian ducts can lead to ?

- bicornuate uterus - uterus didelphys - arcuate uterus

Ligaments that attach to ovary to lateral pelvic wall & transits ovarian vessels

Infundibulopelvic ligament

Best scan plane to see spina bifida

Transverse

True knots in the umbilical cord are most likely seen with ?

Monoamniotic twins

Most dangerous location for an ectopic

Cornual

Skeletal anomalies are suspected when long bones measure more than _____ below mean

1 SD

Hormone responsible for proliferation of endometrium

Estrogen

Recipient twin with TTTS often exhibits ?

Hydrops

US visualization of separating membrane is evidence of ____

Diamniotic gestation

Tricuspid valve inserts _____ to the mitral valve

Inferior

Non-functioning mass of lung tissue with its own blood supply from the aorta

Pulmonary sequestration

Most common congenital heart defect

VSD

Pelvic muscle routinely seen with US

Levator ani

Most common cause of hydrocephalus I’m utero

Aqueductal stenosis

Structure created by union of sperm & egg

Zygote

With holoprosencephaly, | there will be a ____- shapes monoventricle, & the lobes of the ______ may be fused & _____ in appearance

- horseshoe - thalamus - echogenic

Trisomy 13 is present in 50-70% of fetuses diagnosed with ?

Holoprosencephaly

If cerebellar vermis is absent & 4th ventricle is enlarged, then what is suspected?

Dandy Walker malformation

A normal IUP is seen, as well as a cystic structure with thick & hyperechoic rim

Corpus luteum cyst

With agenesis of corpus callosum, the sulci tend to have more of a perpendicular or radial arrangement & often appear to have a ______ pattern

“Spoke wheel”

Associated with development of fluid filled clefts within the cerebrum

Schizencephaly

Choroid plexus cysts often regress, although there is a slight association with ?

Trisomy 18

US appearance of anencephaly

- ‘frog like’ face - bulging eyes - absent cranial vault

Typical complaints of a woman with adenomyosis

- dysmenorrhea - dyspareunia - menometrorrhagia

Surgical removal of a fibroid

Myomectomy

Clinical findings associated with leiomyoma

- infertility - palpable mass - menorrhagia

Uterine position in which the corpus tilts forward & comes in contact with cx

Antelflexion

Most common uterine anomaly

Septate uterus

Outer layer of endometrium

Basal layer

Extracorpeal approaches to US

- transthoracic - transvesicular - TA - transperineal

Most likely cause if bilateral, enlarged, echogenic kidneys & oligohydramnios

ARPKD

Failure of kidneys to form

Renal agenesis

Most likely associated with polyhydramnios

Duodenal atresia

Most common type of colon atresia

Anorectal atresia

Associated with duodenal atresia

- trisomy 21 - esophageal atresia - VACTERL

Omphalocele can contain ?

- liver - ascites - colon

Things often associated with omphalocele

- multiple chromosomal abnormalities - elevated MSAFP - periumbilical mass

Fetal stool is ?

Meconium

Demise of a twin can lead to development of neurologic complication in living twin as a result of ?

Twin embolization syndrome

Least common form of twins

Monochorionic/Monoamniotic

Acardiac twinning results from ?

Abnormal links between placenta vessels

Possible complications associated with twins ?

- preterm delivery - maternal anemia - preeclampsia

Most common form of monozygotic twins

Monochorionic/Diamniotic

Fraternal twins result from ?

Dizygotic twinning

The abnormal twin in acardiac twinning is called ?

Parasitic twin

What can occur as a result of dizygotic twinning?

Dichorionic/Diamniotic twins

Shunting if blood from 1 twin to the other

TTTS

Treatment that separates abnormal placental vascular connections between twins suffering from TTTS

Endoscopic-guided laser photocoagulation

Demise of a twin during the 2nd & 3rd trimester can lead to ?

TES

Monozygotic twins results from ?

A single zygote that splits

A triangular extension of placenta @ base of a membrane is indicative of ?

Dichorionic/Diamniotic twins

Presence of 2 separate amniotic sacs

Diamniotic

Factors that could increase likelihood of multiples

- maternal age > 40 | - maternal family history of twins

Outer membrane of gestation

Chorion

Twins resulting from 2 separate ova

Dizygotic

What would a newborn most likely suffer from born prior to 32 weeks as result of twin complication ?

Pulmonary hypoplasia

US signs of a Di/Di twins

- twin peak sign - lambda sign - delta sign

IUGR is defined as ?

Fetus < 10th percentile

US findings associated with intrauterine infection

- calcs around ventricles | - ventriculomegaly

Appearance of collapsed overriding of cranial bones associated with fetal demise

Spaulding sign

Duels sign is AKA

Halo sign

Condition that includes genitourinary anomalies, heart defects, ear/eye problems & growth restriction

CHARGE

Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) is specific for ?

Spina bifida

Abnormal nuchal fold thicken is greater than _____

5-6 mm

How is cvs sample usually taken ?

Transcervically

A method of collecting a sample of placental tissue to perform karyotype mapping in order to determine chromosomal & genetic disorders

CVS

Where is the CVS sample usually taken ?

Chorion frondosum

______ is associated with elevated MSAFP

- maternal renal abnormality - fetal demise - multiple gestation - abdomen wall defects

______ is associated with decreased MSAFP

- hydatidiform mole - underestimation if gestational age - fetal death - Down syndrome

@ what level is nuchal fold thickness measured ?

@ level of cerebellum

@ what gestational ago is nuchal fold thickness measured

15-20 weeks

True hermaphrodites have both ?

Female & male gonadal tissue

If a pt presents externally as a female but chromosome analysis reveals 46XY chromosome

Testicular ferminization

Major component of prenatal genetic testing include ?

- amniocentesis - CVS - anatomy scan

Hormone that maintains corpus luteum during pregnancy

hCG

Common cause of DUB

PCOS

Structure noted within Graafian follicle containing developing ovum is ?

Cumulus oophorus

Which structure remains after corpus luteum has regressed ?

Corpus albicans

Hormone of pituitary gland that stimulates follicular development of ovary

FSH

Structure that produces hormones that directly acts upon the endometrium to produce varying thickness & US appearances

Ovary

1st phase of ovarian cycle

Follicular

Hormone produced by hypothalamus that controls release of hormones for memstration by anterior pituitary gland

GnRH

Hormone that surges at ovulation

1st phase of endometrial cycle

Proliferative

Hormone released by ovary during proliferative phase stimulates endometrial thickening

Estrogen

Periovulatory phase is AKA

Late proliferative

Corpus luteum primarily releases ?

Progesterone

Intermenstrual bleeding

Metrorrhagia

Ectopic endometrial tissue within uterus that leads to AUB

Adenomyosis

Arteries within functional layer of endometrium theatre altered by hormones of ovary & are shed with cycle

Spiral arteries

During which phase of endometrial cycle would yield 3 line sign

Late proliferative

2nd phase of endometrial cycle

Secretory phase

Which hormone is produced by ovary during 2nd half of cycle ?

Progesterone

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is produced by the ?

Anterior pituitary gland

1st period

Menarche

Measurement of endometrium during early proliferative phase ranges from ?

4-8 mm

2nd phase of ovarian cycle

Luteal phase

2 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland that impact your cycle

LH & FSH

Cancer that originates in glandular tissue

Adenocarcinoma

Irregular bands of tissue

Adhesions

Syndrome characterized by endometrial adhesions that typically occur as a result of scar formation after some type of uterine surgery

Asherman Syndrome

Menopause is AKA

Climacteric

Procedure where cx is dilated & uterine cavity is scraped with curette

D&C

Hormone released by ovary that initiates the proliferation & thickening of endo

Estrogen

Blood accumulation within the uterine cavity

Hematometra

Endoscopy is uterine cavity

Hysteroscopy

Having gave birth to no kids

Nulliparity

Shaped like a polyp

Polyploid

Adhesions

Synechiae

Opening located in left posteriolateral portion of diaphragm

Foramne of Bochdalek

FSH is produced by the ?

Anterior pituitary gland

When the ovary is in the luteal phase, which phase is the endometrium in ?

Secretory

A change in period bleeding associated with lesions within uterus relate to ?

AUB

Painful & difficult period

Dysmenorrhea

Temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of Graafian follicle

Corpus luteum

Hormones responsible for gallstone formation in pregnancy

Estrogen & progesterone

Functional bowel disorder within fetus caused by absence of intestinal nerves

Hirschsprung disease

Structure that contains the developing oocyte

Cumulus oophorus

Normal cisterna magna width

2-10 mm

Fertilization typically occurs within ____ after ovulation

12 hours

Stage of conceptus that implants within decidulized endometrium

Blastocyst

Often used to medicinally treat an ectopic

Methotrexate

Which structure lies within extraembryonic coelom

Yolk sac

Most common form of GTD

Complete molar pregnancy

1st identifiable US sign of pregnancy

Decidual reaction

1st structure notes within gestational sac

Yolk sac

Normal gestational sac will grow ?

1 mm per day

Associated with an abnormal nuchal translucency

- trisomy 18 & 21 | - Turner syndrome

Contributing factors of an ectopic

- PID - assisted reproductive therapy - IUD

In early gestation, where is the secondary yolk sac located?

Chorionic cavity

Findings consistent with complete hydatiform mole

- hetero mass in endometrium - bilateral theca lutein cyst - hyperemesis gravidarium

Most likely Mets location from GTD

Lungs

Maternal contribution to placenta

Decidua basaslis

Level of hCG beyond ____ is consistently visible

Discriminatory zone

Normal US appearance of decidua capsaularis & decidua parietalsis, seperated by anechoic fluid filled uterine cavity

Double decidual sign (double sac)

Doppler assessment of middle cerebral artery can evaluate the fetus for ?

Hypoxia

Measurement that should be carefully visualized with IUGR

An abnormal cord insert into membranes beyond placental edge

Velamentous insertion

? can be associated with polyhydramnios

- omphalocele - gastroschisis - esophageal atresia

Fetal TORCH is frequently associated with ?

Intracranial calcs

Normal umbilical cord insert point isn’t the placenta is ?

Central

A velamentous cord insert is associated with ?

Vasa previa

Increased S/D ratio is associated with ?

- IUGR - placental insufficiency - mortality

Benign ovarian mass that’s composed of 3 germ call layers

Cystic teratoma

Small benign ovarian tumors

Brenner tumors

Androblastoma is AKA

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor

Recesses of the vagina

Fornices

Area where Fallopian tube connects to uterus

Cornua

Leiomyosarcoma is a ?

Malignant fibroid

What can be associated with a thick placenta

- fetal infections - RH isoimmunization - multiple gestations

What can be associated with a thin placenta ?

- preeclampsia - IUGR - long standing diabetes

Fetal contribution of placenta

Chorion frondosum

A succenturiate lobe of placenta refers to a ?

Accessory lobe

Mothers with pregestational diabetes have an increased risk of a fetus with ?

NTD’s

With RH isoimminization, the maternal antibodies cross the placenta & destroy the fetal ?

Reb blood cells

Maternal contribution to placenta

Decidua basalis

Nonimmune hydrops is associated with ?

- pleural effusion - Turner syndrome - fetal infections

Associated with erythroblastosis fetalis & RH isoimmunization

Immune hydrops

Most common renal anomaly

Duplex collecting system

Obstruction @ UVJ would lead to dilation of ?

Ureter & renal collecting system

Type of renal cystic disease associated with adult liver & pancreatic cysts

ADPKD

Most common fetal renal tumor

Mesoblastic nephroma

? would be associated with oligohydramnios

- bilateral MCKD - bilateral renal agenesis - ARPKD

Prune belly syndrome is caused by ?

Enlarged bladder

Dilation of renal pelvis is called ?

Pyelactasis

Obstruction @ level of UPJ would lead to dilation of ?

Renal pelvis/calices

OEIS complex is also called ?

Cloacal extrophy

Components of prune nelly syndrome

- megacystitis - undescended testicles - dilated bladder/urethra

Is numerous non communicating anechoic masses are noted within the left renal fossa of fetus @ 20 weeks, what’s the most likely etiology?

MCKD

AKA pelvicaliectasis

Hydronephrosis

‘Lying down’ adrenal sign describes US findings of ?

Renal agenesis

Condition associated with absence of sacrum & coccyx

LBWC

A fetus with ______ will have a clover leaf skull with frontal bossing & hydrocephalus

Thanatophoric dysplasia

Brittle bone disease

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Most common non lethal skeletal dysplasia

Heterozygous achondroplasia

Kyphosis is an abnormal _______ curvature of spine

Posterior

Each fetal vertebrae consists of 3 ossification centers that are ?

1 centrum - 2 neural processes

Wide septum between middle & ring finger

Trident hand

Most common LETHAL skeletal dysplasia - cloverleaf skull - frontal bossing - hydrocephalus

Thanatophoric dysplasia

Closed spinal lesions completely covered by skin & can be difficult to see with US AKA closed spina bifida

Spina bifida occulta

Most common form of spina bifida - open lesions typically not covered by skin & mass that protrudes from skin AKA open spina bifida

Spina bifida aperta

Abnormal lateral curvature of spine

Scoliosis

Opening in skin over distal spine

Sacral dimple

Nondevelopment of sacrum AKA caudal regression

Sacralagenesis

Embyologix formation that results from the fusion of 2 folded ends of neural plate

Neural tube

Mass that results from open spine bifida that contains spinal cord only

Myelocele

Mass that results from open spina bifida that contains the spinal cord & meningocele

Myelomeningocele

Her ovation of cranial or spinal meninges because of an open cranial or spinal defect; contains CSF but no nerve tissue

Meningocele

Group of disorders with US findings including short or absent umbilical cord, ventral wall defect, craniofacial defects & scoliosis

Limb-body wall complex

Most often found in a fetus with spina bifida

Lemon sign

Abnormal posterior curvature of spine

Kyphosis

Combination of both scoliosis & kyphosis

Kyphoscoliosis

Fatal form of achondroplasia

Homozygous achondroplasia

Most common nonlethal skeletal dysplasia characterized by rhizomelia

Heterozygous achondroplasia

Angling if frontal bones that produces an unusually prominent forehead

Frontal bossing

Form of acrania in which the entire cerebellum is located outside of skull

Exencephaly

Abnormal lateral ventricle shape there is a small frontal horn & enlarged occipital horn

Colpocephaly

Abnormal shape of cranium caused by premature fusion of disturbed in which frontal bossing occurs

Cloverleaf skull

Brain structure responsible for motor output, sensory perception, & equilibrium

Cerebellum

Protrusion of intracranial contents thru defect in skull

Cephalocele

Bones of cranium & spine

Axial

Rare, nonlethal condition resulting in an abnormal development of bones & cartilage

Achondrogenesis

Choroid plexus is responsible for producing

CSF

US features of holoprosencephaly

- proboscis with cyclopia - fused thalami - monoventricle

Condition with no nose & proboscis separating 2 close set orbits

Ethmocephaly

Small mandible

Micrognathia

Nuchal fold thickness in 2nd trimester shouldn’t exceed ?

6 mm

@ what level is nuchal fold measurement

CSP

Abnormal division of lip

Cleft lip

Growth disorder syndrome associated with organ, skull & tongue enlargement

Beckwith-Widemann Syndrome

Group of abnormalities associated with entrapment of fetal parts & fetal amputation

Amniotic band syndrome

Measurement between lateral sides of orbits

Binocular diameter

Facial abnormalities when discovered, should prompt the tech to analyze the brain for signs of ?

Holoprosencephaly

Micrognathia is a condition associated with ?

Trisomy 18

Turner syndrome is AKA

Monosomy X

Optimal scan plane to visualize micrognathia

Sagittal

There is a direct link between microtia & ?

Down syndrome

The fetal lip typically closes by ?

8 weeks

Most frequently encountered chromosomal abnormality associated with holoprosencephaly

Trisomy 13

Isolated enlargement of fetal thyroid

Fetal goiter

Nuchal fold thickness is considered abnormal if it measures greater than ?

6 mm

Macroglossia is often associated with ?

Beckwith-Wiedemann & Down syndrome

Most common cause of hypotelorism

Holoprosencephaly

Most common cause of hypertelorism

Anterior cephalocele

Whenever any form of holoprosencephaly is suspected, a thorough ________ evaluation should be performed?

Facial

Abnormality where 1 sex chromosome is absent AKA monosomy X

Turner syndrome

Measurement from medial to lateral side of eye

Ocular diameter

Small ears

Microtia

Small mandible & recesses chin

Micrognathia

Benign congenital neck cyst found most often near angle of mandible

Brachial cleft cyst

Condition with small frontal horns & enlarged occipital horns

Colpocephaly

Lack of sulci within fetal cerebrum is a reliable indicator of ?

Lissencephaly

US finding of a fluid filled cranium with absence of cerebral tissue is consistent with ?

Hydranencephaly

Fetal suture located within frontal bone along ML of forehead

Metopic suture

Lemon shaped skull is associated with ?

Arnold Chiari II malformation

Cloverleaf skull shape is associated with ?

Thanatophoric dysplasia

Band of tissue that allows communication between right & left cerebral hemispheres

Corpus callosum

Associated with a strawberry shaped skull ?

Trisomy 18

Most accurate measurement for estimating gestational age

Normal shaped skull

Mesocephaly

Strict located between 2 loves of cerebellum

Cerebellar vermis

Dangling choroid sign is associated with ?

Ventriculomegaly

Chromosomal aberration associated with holoprosencephaly

Trisomy 13

Genetic disorder that includes craniosynostosis, ml facial hypoplasia, & syndactyly

Apert Syndrome

Development of fluid filled cleft within cerebrum is consistent with ?

Schizencephaly

Typically absent with agenesis of corpus callosum

CSP

What structure does the posterior fossa cyst associated with Dandy Walker malformation communicate ?

4th ventricle

Vein of Galen aneurysm is associated with ?

CHF

Resistance pattern of the MCA should be greater than that of the umbilical artery, should be compared to when ______ is suspected

Fetal shunting

Most common intracranial tumor found in utero

Teratoma

Omphalocele is associated with ?

- pentalogy of Cantrell - trisomy 18 - Patau syndrome

Inherited disorder in which secreting organs such as lungs, pancreas, & other digestive organs that produce thick & sticky secretions instead of normal secretions

Cystic fibrosis

Lab value significant in detection of abdomen wall defects

MSAFP

Associated with gastroschisis

- normal cord insert - elevated MSAFP - periumbilical mass

Congenital absence of part of esophagus

Esophageal atresia

Where does gastroschisis occur?

Lateral on right side of cord insert

Abnormal connection between esophagus & trachea

Tracheoesophageal fistula

Associated with esophageal atresia

- trisomy 21 - VACTERL - Edwards syndrome

Fetal stomach should be visualized by week ?

Associated with omphalocele

- trisomy 18 - pentalogy of cantrell - IUGR

Congenital maldevelopment or absence of duodenum

Duodenal atresia

Cystic dilation of CBD

Choledochal cyst

Sorta arising from right ventricle, pulmonary artery that arises from the left ventricle is describing ?

Transposition of great vessels

With polyhydramnios, you should evaluate for ?

Duodenal/esophageal atresia

Group of anomalies that include omphalocele, ectopic cordis, cleft sternum, anterior diaphragmatic defect, & pericardial defects

Pentalogy of Cantrell

Congenital malformation of proximal part of small intestine

Duodenal atresia

Hepatomegaly can be seen in conjunction with ?

Beckeith-wiedemann Syndrome

? is most often associated with duodenal atresia

Trisomy 21

Normally, physiologic bowel herniation resolves by ?

12 weeks

Most common congenital infection

Cytomegalovirus

Normally, S/D ratio will ______ with advancing gestation

Decrease

Fetuses with 2VC have an approximately _______% chance of having additional abnormalities

20%

Thickness of placenta shouldn’t exceed ?

4 cm

What is it called when the shoulder of the baby can’t fit thru the birth canal during labor

Shoulder dystocia

Vertical groove between upper lip & nasal septum

Philtrum

First 28 days of life

Neonatal period

Rare disorder in which mother suffers from edema & fluid build up similar to her hydronic baby

Mirror syndrome

Total blood loss - to bleed out

Exsanguination

Condition in which there’s an incompatibility between fetal & maternal red blood cells

Erythroblastosis fetalis

If only 1 yolk sac is seen with 2 fetuses, it’s indicative of ?

Monoamniotic gestation

Most common form of monozygotic twins

Monochorionic/Diamniotic

Most common form of twins

Dizygotic (fraternal)

Twins attached @ chest

Thoracopagus

In the us, are monozygotic or dizygotic twins more common?

Dizygotic

Double fold of dura mater located at ml

Falx cerebri

Development of red blood cells

Hemstopoiesis

Appearance of small gestational sac in uterine cavity surrounded by thick, echogenic endometrium

Intradecidual sign

L x W x H of gestational sac diveded by 3

Mean sac diameter

What kind of twins are more common among Africans?

Dizygotic

Cord entanglement is often seen in what kind of pregnancy?

Monochorionic/Monoaniotic

Twins conjoined back to back in sacral region

Pyopagus

Twins conjoined @ the abdomen

Omphalopagus

Having 1 placenta & 1 amniotic sac

Mono/mono

Having 1 placenta & 2 amniotic sacs

Monochorionic/Diamniotic

2 ova that are fertilized by 2 sperm

Dizygotic

Twins with 2 placentas & 2 amniotic sacs

Di/Di

Lambda sign is ?

Delta sign

Twins conjoined @ cranium

Craniopagus

_____ disease is fatal if bilateral

MCKD

_______ is the most likely cause if enlarged, echogenic kidneys in utero

ARPKD

Most worrisome consequence associated with oligohydramnios

Pulmonary hypoplasia

How often does the fetal bladder usually fill & empty

30 - 45 minutes

______ is located between the apex of the bladder & umbilicus

Urachus

Failure of kidneys to develop

Renal agenesis

Syndrome that’s a consequence of abdominal wall musculature being stretched by enlarged bladder

Prue belly syndrome

Fusion of orbits & holoprosencephaly are associated with ?

Patau syndrome

Maternal serum screening of a mom of a fetus with trisomy 18 will show ?

- decreased AFP, hCG & estriol

Monosomy X is ?

Turner syndrome

Cleft lip, hypotelorism, & micropthalmia are all features of ?

Trisomy 13

Strawberry shaped skull is associated with ?

Edwards syndrome

Earliest invasive fetal karyotyping technique that can be performed is ?

CVS

With what procedure is placental tissue obtained?

CVS

Molar pregnancy, omphalocele & low set eyes are found most often with ?

Triploidy

Sex chromosome anomaly

45,X or Turner syndrome

Brachycephaly is often associated with ?

Down syndrome

Theca lutein cysts would most likely be linked with ?

- molar pregnancy | - triploidy

Rounded head shape

Brachycephaly

Low afp & estriol and elevated hCG is consistent with ?

Down syndrome

Normal diploid cells have ____ chromosomes

With Turner syndrome, what chromosome is missing ?

Paternal sex chromosome

Often a particular molar pregnancy is found with a triploidy fetus resulting in ?

- elevated hCG | - bilateral theca lutein cysts

Common findings associated wit trisomy 13

- holoprosencephaly | - abnormal facies

Characteristics of trisomy 18

- strawberry shaped skull - choroid plexus cysts - micrognathia - rockerbottom feet - omphalocele - clenched fists

For PUBS, a needle is placed into maternal abdomen & into the _____

Umbilical vein

When is an amniocentesis usually performed ?

15-20 weeks

If at the anatomy scan, FL is the only things that measured small, you’d suspect ?

Skeletal dysplasia

With IUGR, is reversed diastolic flow good ?

Normal RI in umbilical artery with IUGR

< 0.8

What is nagele’s rule ?

EDD = LMP - 3 months + 7 days

Micrognathia is seen especially with ?

Trisomy 18

What is the ventricle like with alobar holoprosencephaly ?

Monoventricle

What is absent with lobar holoprosencephaly?

CSP & Olfactory tracts

Fetal skin shouldn’t be greater than ?

5 mm

Omphaloceles containing bowel have a greater risk of ?

Associated chromosomal abnormalities

Most common tumor of female pelvis

Leimyoma

Anytime you see a uterine anomaly, you should look at the _____

Kidneys

Hormonal IUD

- mirena | - progestasert

Nonhormonal iuds

- copper coated - Paragard - copper T

Describe secretory phase

8-16 mm Day 15-28

Describe endometrium during early proliferative phase

Hypoechoic 4-8 mm

During menses, what does the endometrium look like ?

Thin, 1-4 mm

Is high or low resistance vital to ovaries?

Low

In follicular phase, the ovarian arteries will have ______ flow

Low velocity, high resistance

Fetal syndrome associated with microcephaly, occipital encephalocele, polydactyly, & polycystic kidneys

Meckel-Gruber Syndrome

What causes a bladder outlet obstruction?

Posterior urethral valve

Most common cause of hydronephrosis & most common form of fetal renal obstruction

UPJ obstruction

Renal pelvis shouldn’t exceed ____ prior to 20 weeks

7 mm

Way in which gene is inherited, both parents must be carriers

Autosomal recessive

Disorder inherited by fetus, atleast 1 parent is a carrier

Autosomal dominant

Membrane present during early embryonic development that contribute to bladder formation & development

Allantois

Cyst found within umbilical cord

Allantoic cyst

Does omphalocele or gastroschisis have a BETTER outcome?

Gastroschisis

Most common fetal liver abnormality

Hepatomegaly

_____ will most often lead to visualization of dilated fetal rectum

Anotectal atresia

Herniation if abdominal contents thru a right sided periumbilical abdomen wall defect

Gastroschisis

Fetal heart is fully formed by week ?

10 weeks

Blood returning from the lungs thru the pulmonary veins enters into ?

Left atrium

Normal opening in the lower third of atrial septum

Foramen ovale

Most common heart defect

VSD

Rhabdomyomas are associated with ?

Tuberous sclerosis

Fetal lung maturity can be assessed by using ?

LS ratio

_______ should be positioned anterior to sorta & should be seen crossing over it

Pulmonary artery

Where is the mitral valve located ?

Between left ventricle & left atrium

‘Bag wing’ sign is indicative of ?

Pleural effusion

Lack of muscle in dome of diaphragm is called ?

Eventration of diaphragm

Where is the tricuspid valve located ?

Between right ventricle & right atrium

Separate mass of nonfunctional lung tissue

Pulmonary sequestration

Most common cause of cardiac malposition

Diaphragmatic hernia

The moderator band is located within the ?

Right ventricle

Most common form of diaphragmatic hernia

Foramen of Bockdalek

Fetal shunt that connects pulmonary artery to aortic arch

Ductus arteriosis

Most common fetal cardiac tumor

Rhabdomyoma

echogenic focus within heart can be associated with ?

Trisomy 21

Echogenic cardiac focus is often seen within ?

Left ventricle

Opening within the septum that desperate the right & left ventricle

VSD

When does the trilaminar embryonic disc form ?

During gastrulation

TTTS is specific to what kind of twins?

Monochorionic/Monozygotic

Twin growth is similar to Singleton growth until about ?

30 weeks

Twins resulting from fertilization of 1 single ovum

Monozygotic

A molar pregnancy that’s considered invasive but doesn’t metastasize

Chorioadenoma destruens

Normal CI

74 - 83 %

A CI of 61% suggests ?

Dolicocephaly

Cephalad means ?

Towards the top of the head

Cerebellar measurements can be used to estimate gestational age but lose accuracy after ?

20 weeks

Benign vascular tumor of placenta

Chorioangioma

When the umbilical cord inserts at edge of placenta

Battledore/marginal

Cephalic is AKA

Vertex

Malformation or malpositioning of tricuspid valve results in ?

Ebstein anomaly

Blood from the right ventricle can flow they the ductus arteriosis & into the _____

Descending aorta

Blood is shunted directly into the IVC via a small branch of umbilical vein called ____

Ductus venosus

Heart chamber closest to fetal spine

Left atrium

The embryonic heart begins as _____ then turns into ______

Starts as 2 tubes Turns into 4 chambers

Anomaly in which the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle & aorta arises from the right ventricle

Transposition of great vessels

Stage of conceptus that implants within decidualized endometrium

Blastocyst

Most malignant form of gestational trophobladtic disease with possible mets to liver, lungs & vagina

Choriocarcinoma

Breast cancer treatment drug that may alter US appearance of endometrium

Tamoxifen

Most common cause if postmenopausal bleeding

Endometrial atrophy

Most common for of endometrial carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

Colpocephaly is commonly associated with ?

Agenesis of corpus callosum

Multiple echogenic foci located in fetal, liver, bowel & peritoneum accompanied by polyhydramnios & fetal ascites most likely indicates ?

Meconium peritonitis

? is associated with multiple small calculations in the fetal brain & liver as well as mild ventriculomegaly

Cytomegalovirus infection

An abnormally short fetal neck with fixed posterior flexion

Iniencephaly

In the us, are monozygotic or dizygotic twins more common?

Dizygotic

Double fold of dura mater located at ml

Falx cerebri

Development of red blood cells

Hemstopoiesis

Appearance of small gestational sac in uterine cavity surrounded by thick, echogenic endometrium

Intradecidual sign

L x W x H of gestational sac diveded by 3

Mean sac diameter

What kind of twins are more common among Africans?

Dizygotic

Cord entanglement is often seen in what kind of pregnancy?

Monochorionic/Monoaniotic

Twins conjoined back to back in sacral region

Pyopagus

Twins conjoined @ the abdomen

Omphalopagus

Having 1 placenta & 1 amniotic sac

Mono/mono

Having 1 placenta & 2 amniotic sacs

Monochorionic/Diamniotic

2 ova that are fertilized by 2 sperm

Dizygotic

Twins with 2 placentas & 2 amniotic sacs

Di/Di

Lambda sign is ?

Delta sign

Twins conjoined @ cranium

Craniopagus

_____ disease is fatal if bilateral

MCKD

_______ is the most likely cause if enlarged, echogenic kidneys in utero

ARPKD

Most worrisome consequence associated with oligohydramnios

Pulmonary hypoplasia

How often does the fetal bladder usually fill & empty

30 - 45 minutes

______ is located between the apex of the bladder & umbilicus

Urachus

Failure of kidneys to develop

Renal agenesis

Syndrome that’s a consequence of abdominal wall musculature being stretched by enlarged bladder

Prue belly syndrome

Fusion of orbits & holoprosencephaly are associated with ?

Patau syndrome

Maternal serum screening of a mom of a fetus with trisomy 18 will show ?

- decreased AFP, hCG & estriol

Monosomy X is ?

Turner syndrome

Cleft lip, hypotelorism, & micropthalmia are all features of ?

Trisomy 13

Strawberry shaped skull is associated with ?

Edwards syndrome

Earliest invasive fetal karyotyping technique that can be performed is ?

CVS

With what procedure is placental tissue obtained?

CVS

Molar pregnancy, omphalocele & low set eyes are found most often with ?

Triploidy

Sex chromosome anomaly

45,X or Turner syndrome

Brachycephaly is often associated with ?

Down syndrome

Theca lutein cysts would most likely be linked with ?

- molar pregnancy | - triploidy

Rounded head shape

Brachycephaly

Low afp & estriol and elevated hCG is consistent with ?

Down syndrome

Normal diploid cells have ____ chromosomes

With Turner syndrome, what chromosome is missing ?

Paternal sex chromosome

Often a particular molar pregnancy is found with a triploidy fetus resulting in ?

- elevated hCG | - bilateral theca lutein cysts

Common findings associated wit trisomy 13

- holoprosencephaly | - abnormal facies

Characteristics of trisomy 18

- strawberry shaped skull - choroid plexus cysts - micrognathia - rockerbottom feet - omphalocele - clenched fists

For PUBS, a needle is placed into maternal abdomen & into the _____

Umbilical vein

When is an amniocentesis usually performed ?

15-20 weeks

If at the anatomy scan, FL is the only things that measured small, you’d suspect ?

Skeletal dysplasia

With IUGR, is reversed diastolic flow good ?

Normal RI in umbilical artery with IUGR

< 0.8

What is nagele’s rule ?

EDD = LMP - 3 months + 7 days

Micrognathia is seen especially with ?

Trisomy 18

What is the ventricle like with alobar holoprosencephaly ?

Monoventricle

What is absent with lobar holoprosencephaly?

CSP & Olfactory tracts

Fetal skin shouldn’t be greater than ?

5 mm

Omphaloceles containing bowel have a greater risk of ?

Associated chromosomal abnormalities

Most common tumor of female pelvis

Leimyoma

Anytime you see a uterine anomaly, you should look at the _____

Kidneys

Hormonal IUD

- mirena | - progestasert

Nonhormonal iuds

- copper coated - Paragard - copper T

Describe secretory phase

8-16 mm Day 15-28

Describe endometrium during early proliferative phase

Hypoechoic 4-8 mm

During menses, what does the endometrium look like ?

Thin, 1-4 mm

Is high or low resistance vital to ovaries?

Low

In follicular phase, the ovarian arteries will have ______ flow

Low velocity, high resistance

Fetal syndrome associated with microcephaly, occipital encephalocele, polydactyly, & polycystic kidneys

Meckel-Gruber Syndrome

What causes a bladder outlet obstruction?

Posterior urethral valve

Most common cause of hydronephrosis & most common form of fetal renal obstruction

UPJ obstruction

Renal pelvis shouldn’t exceed ____ prior to 20 weeks

7 mm

Way in which gene is inherited, both parents must be carriers

Autosomal recessive

Disorder inherited by fetus, atleast 1 parent is a carrier

Autosomal dominant

Membrane present during early embryonic development that contribute to bladder formation & development

Allantois

Cyst found within umbilical cord

Allantoic cyst

Does omphalocele or gastroschisis have a BETTER outcome?

Gastroschisis

Most common fetal liver abnormality

Hepatomegaly

_____ will most often lead to visualization of dilated fetal rectum

Anotectal atresia

Herniation if abdominal contents thru a right sided periumbilical abdomen wall defect

Gastroschisis

Fetal heart is fully formed by week ?

10 weeks

Blood returning from the lungs thru the pulmonary veins enters into ?

Left atrium

Normal opening in the lower third of atrial septum

Foramen ovale

Most common heart defect

VSD

Rhabdomyomas are associated with ?

Tuberous sclerosis

Fetal lung maturity can be assessed by using ?

LS ratio

_______ should be positioned anterior to sorta & should be seen crossing over it

Pulmonary artery

Where is the mitral valve located ?

Between left ventricle & left atrium

‘Bag wing’ sign is indicative of ?

Pleural effusion

Lack of muscle in dome of diaphragm is called ?

Eventration of diaphragm

Where is the tricuspid valve located ?

Between right ventricle & right atrium

Separate mass of nonfunctional lung tissue

Pulmonary sequestration

Most common cause of cardiac malposition

Diaphragmatic hernia

The moderator band is located within the ?

Right ventricle

Most common form of diaphragmatic hernia

Foramen of Bockdalek

Fetal shunt that connects pulmonary artery to aortic arch

Ductus arteriosis

Most common fetal cardiac tumor

Rhabdomyoma

echogenic focus within heart can be associated with ?

Trisomy 21

Echogenic cardiac focus is often seen within ?

Left ventricle

Opening within the septum that desperate the right & left ventricle

VSD

When does the trilaminar embryonic disc form ?

During gastrulation

TTTS is specific to what kind of twins?

Monochorionic/Monozygotic

Twin growth is similar to Singleton growth until about ?

30 weeks

Twins resulting from fertilization of 1 single ovum

Monozygotic

A molar pregnancy that’s considered invasive but doesn’t metastasize

Chorioadenoma destruens

Normal CI

74 - 83 %

A CI of 61% suggests ?

Dolicocephaly

Cephalad means ?

Towards the top of the head

Cerebellar measurements can be used to estimate gestational age but lose accuracy after ?

20 weeks

Benign vascular tumor of placenta

Chorioangioma

When the umbilical cord inserts at edge of placenta

Battledore/marginal

Cephalic is AKA

Vertex

Malformation or malpositioning of tricuspid valve results in ?

Ebstein anomaly

Blood from the right ventricle can flow they the ductus arteriosis & into the _____

Descending aorta

Blood is shunted directly into the IVC via a small branch of umbilical vein called ____

Ductus venosus

Heart chamber closest to fetal spine

Left atrium

The embryonic heart begins as _____ then turns into ______

Starts as 2 tubes Turns into 4 chambers

Anomaly in which the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle & aorta arises from the right ventricle

Transposition of great vessels

Stage of conceptus that implants within decidualized endometrium

Blastocyst

Most malignant form of gestational trophobladtic disease with possible mets to liver, lungs & vagina

Choriocarcinoma

Breast cancer treatment drug that may alter US appearance of endometrium

Tamoxifen

Most common cause if postmenopausal bleeding

Endometrial atrophy

Most common for of endometrial carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

Colpocephaly is commonly associated with ?

Agenesis of corpus callosum

A clover leaf skull is commonly associated with which skeletal dysplasia ?

Thanatophoric dysplasia

Why is potter syndrome always lethal?

Bilateral renal agenesis & pulmonary hypoplasia

If S/D ratio is greater than ______, IUGR is suspected

The fetal structures within an omphalocele are protected by a membrane composed of ?

Amnion & peritoneum

_______ occurs secondary to ectopic when fetus is too large to be absorbed. Also protects mom from infection * calcified fetus

Lithopedion

Mom feeling the baby move is called ?

Quickening

Too long & too narrow head shape

Dolicocephaly

Epiphyseal centers won’t be identified in US until after ?

30 weeks

Calculating EDD by adding 9 months + 7 days to LMP is according to ?

Naegele’s rule

CI is used to calculate ?

Head shape

Formula used to calculate CI

BFD/OFD x 100

Fetal lung maturity is best determined by ?

Amniocentesis

A placenta with 2 equally sized lobes connected by vessels

Bipartite placenta

A ring shaped placenta that attaches circumferentially to myometrium is called ?

Annular

Accessory lobe placenta

Succenturiate

What is likely to occur if placental implantation occurs close to a large fibroid ?

Placental abruption

A pt with possible placenta previa who is actively bleeding should be scanned how ?

Perineally

Normal angle of fetal heart

45 degrees to left of ML

RVOT & LVOT show ?

Pulmonary artery & ascending aorta

What provides important prognostic info about fetal renal functional ?

AFI @ 15 weeks

Right ventricle can be identified by ?

Moderator band in lower part of ventricle

If fluid filled stomach isn’t seen in LUQ, you should suspect ?

Esophageal atresia

Lab tests used to evaluate for NTDs of Downs

- quad screen -MSAFP - CVS _ amnioncentesis

Fetal presentation refers to ?

Part of fetus expected to be delivered first

Is the ulna or radius longer proximally?

Ulna

Normal fetal renal growth

1 mm per week

Distal femoral epiphysis is demonstrated sonographically @ ?

33-35 weeks

How is thoracic circumference measured ?

In true trans @ level of the heart

The great vessels form the ?

RVOT & LVOT

Approximately what percent of blood flows through the Forman ovale into the left atrium?

40%

Which view best demonstrates the diaphragm

Coronal

Echogenic foci in left ventricle is likely seen @ the level of ?

Chordae tendinae papillary muscle

Most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction

Posterior urethral valves

Bladder of a male fetus is sometimes enlarged because of ?

Posterior urethra valves

Fetal kidneys begin development as ?

Pronephroi

Fetal kidneys are fully developed by _____ - after metanephroi have descended into abdomen

Week 11

When do fetal kidneys begin to develop?

Beginning of week 6

Process in which 3 germ cell layers are formed is called ?

Gastrulation

When does trilaminar embryonic disc form?

During gastrulation

If a patient is 10 weeks & presents with pregnancy induced HTN, you suspect?

Hydatiform mole

What 2 procedure are used to treat an incompetent cervix?

- McDonald procedure | - shirodkar cerclage

Approximately when does normal embryonic midgut herniation occur ?

8 weeks

Normal yolk sac diameter

2-6 mm

At what gestational age is 1/2 of endometrial canal occupied ?

8 weeks

Area located between arachnoid membrane & pia meter

Subarachnoid space

Dolicocephaly is AKA

Scaphocephaly

Normal CI

76-90%

Intracranial findings in spina bifida are secondary to ?

Arnold Chiari

Hormone responsible for final maturation of follicle & for ovulation is ?

Most common pelvic mass encountered during pregnancy

Corpus luteum

A dilated fetal bladder with “keyhole” sign in male fetus is indicative of ?

PUV obstruction

Which stage of endometriosis involves ovaries

Most common fetal thoracic abnormality

Pleural effusion

If ore-implantation blastocyst splits during 1st week of gestation, it results in a ?

Dichorionic/Monoamniotic

Failure of forebrain to divide results in ?

Holoprosencephaly

_______ is non-lethal long bone dysplasia

Type I osteogenesis imperfecta

An ovarian sexcord stromal tumor found in Maddie aged women

Fibroma

Painful sex

Dyspareunia

Most severe form of holoprosencephaly

Alobar

What’re the 3 forms of holoprosencephaly

- alobar - lobar - semilobar

Failed development of baby forebrain, cyclopia, fused thalami & proboscis are all associated with ____

Holoprosencephaly

Anasaraca, TTTS, umbilical vein thrombosis $ RH isoimmunization are all indications of _____

Fetal hydrops

_______ is connected to the IVC which is connected to the right atrium

Ductus venosus

In which vessels could blood flow he reversed in setting of tricuspid regurgitation ?

Ductus venosus

______ describes when an entire limb is shortened

Micromelia

Shortening of only the distal part of limb

Mesomelia

Rhizomelia is an abnormal shortening of which long bone ?

Humerus

Types of histopqthologic intracranial tumors

- oligodendroglioma - sarcoma - glioblastoma - craniopharyngioma

Potter sequence is associated with ?

Oligohydramnios

An atrial septal defect in fetal heart may be difficult to diagnose because of the ?

Forman ovale

______ happens when the lateral embryonic mesoderm has failed to migrate medically to fuse in ML

Ectopic cordis

A congenital chest anomaly in which all or part of heart is located outside thoracic cavity

Ectopia cordis

Primary characteristics of Ebstein anomaly

Tricuspid valve is displaced inferiorly in right ventricle

Fetal pleural effusion is AKA

Hydrothorax

Another name for ASD

Endocardial cushion defect

_______ results from premature closure of coronal & lamboidal sutures

Cloverleaf skull

Cloverleaf skull is AKA

Kleeblattschadel

A skull shaped like a cloverleaf is mostly associated with ?

Thanatophoric dwarfism

Fetal skin edema is ?

Anasarca

_____ refers to bilateral renal agenesis

Classic potter sequence

Which umbilical cord anomaly is likely to cause death ?

Cord stricture (thrombus)

Maternal blood test that includes an analysis of hCG, afp, estriol & inhibin A

Quadruple screen

Protein produced by placenta

Pregnancy associated plasma protein A

Superior portion of cervix closest to isthmus

Internal os

Medical interventions that could be used to remove retained products of conception

- D&C - D&E - labor induction

Ligament that housed the vasculature of uterus

Cardinal ligament

Pelvic bones, if seen, will appear ?

Hyperechoic

Bladder, uterus & ovaries are all located within ?

True pelvis

The peripheral arteries of the uterus are ?

Arcuate arteries

Uterine artery branches off the ?

Internal iliac

Long axis of uterus deviating left of ML

Levoverted uterus

Malignant manifestation of leiomyoma

Leiomyosarcoma

Benign, smooth muscle tumor or uterus

Leiomyoma

Fibroid located within myometrium

Intramural fibroid

Fibroid located within uterine cavity

Intracavitary fibroid

Surgical repair of uterine septum in a septate uterus using hysteroscopy

Hysteroscopic uterine septoplasty

Occlusion or imperforation of vagina

Vaginal atresia

Complete duplication of uterus, cervix & vagina

Uterus didelphys

Vaginal anomaly where the hymen has no opening, resulting in obstruction of vagina

Imperforate hymen

The ovary is supplied blood by the ?

Ovarian & uterine artery

Paired embryonic ducts that develop into female urogenital tract

Müllerian duct

Procedure used to block blood supply to a leiomyoma

Uterine artery embolization

First 4 weeks after birth is considered?

Neonatal

Late proliferative phase is also called ?

Periovulatory phase

The ovary produces ______, which influences the endometrium

Estrogen & progesterone

The hypothalamus releases _____, which influences the anterior pituitary gland

GnRH

Cells of follicles that produce estrogen

Theca internal cells

Coiled arteries that supply blood to the functional layer of endometrium

Spiral arteries

2nd phase of endometrial cycle

Secretory phase

1st phase of endometrial cycle

Proliferative phase

2nd phase of ovarian cycle

Luteal phase

1st phase of ovarian cycle

Follicular

Leukocytosis would most likely be associated with ?

PID

What Doppler artifact occurs when the sampling rate isn’t high enough to display Doppler shift frequency ?

Aliasing

Which artifact could be noted coming down from air or gas within the endometrium in a patient with endometritis

Ring-down

Malignant ovarian tumors that may leak mucinous material

Pseudomyoxoma peritonei

Which lab test would be most useful to evaluate a patient with suspected internal hemorrhage?

Hematocrit

Which lab test may be used as a tumor marker for an ovarian dysgerminoma?

Lactate dehydrogenase

The “S” in STAR criteria stands for ?

Smooth walls

A decrease in hematocrit indicates ?

Bleeding

of kids carried to term

Para

of pregnancies

Gravida

A simple cyst can be described as ? | STAR

- Smooth walls - good thru Transmission - Anechoic - Round

A breast cancer drug that inhibits effects of estrogen in breast

Tamoxifen

US frequency returning to the probe theatre generated by shifts in phase & frequency within tissue itself

Harmonic

The purpose of using spatio temporal imaging correlation (STIC)

Increase image quality

A fused thalamus is identified with which abnormalities?

Alobar & semilobar holoprosencephaly

If the liver is herniated into the thoracic cavity, fetal survival rate is significantly ?

Reduced

Pentalogy of Cantrell consists of?

- sternum defect - diaphragmatic defect - omphalocele - intracardiac anomalies - ectopia cordis

Oligohydramnios is often associated with ?

Pulmonary hypoplasia

Most common cause of pleural effusion is ?

Chylothorax

Foreshortening of all portions of the limb

Micromelia

Foreshortening of proximal long bone

Rhizomelia

Foreshortened distal limbs

Mesomelia

Most common anomaly of umbilical cord

Single umbilical artery

If you see hypoplastic left heart in a female fetus, what fetal syndrome should be suspected ?

Turner syndrome

Most common type of conjoined twin

Thoracopagus

Most common cause of death in lethal skeletal dysplasia

Pulmonary hypoplasia

Choroid plexus cysts are associated with which trisomy ?

What should be closely evaluated with Eagle Barrett Syndrome ? AKA prune bell syndrome

Kidneys & bladder

Rounded head with cephalic index > 85%

Brachycephaly

Micrognathia is seen with ?

Polyhydramnios

Absence of hands

Acheira

Absence of foot or feet

Apodia

Absence of hands and feet

Acheiropodia

Most commonly reported intrauterine infection

Cytomegalovirus

Trisomy 21 is commonly seen with which heart defect?

AVSD

What Doppler information is necessary to calculate pulsatity index ?

Peak systolic velocity & end diastolic velocity

If a molar pregnancy is expected, which blood work would you pay attention to?

BhCG

Lithium isebfuting pregnancy is commonly associated with which heart anomaly?

Ebstein anomaly

If you were scanning for a neuroblastoma, what would you scan?

Adrenals

Postmenopausal ovaries shouldn’t exceed ?

2 cm or 8 cc

The neural tube closes by week ?

If the spine is at 12 o’clock & the stomach is at 3 o’clock then the fetus is ?

Vertex

If the spine is at 12 o’clock & the stomach is at 9 o’clock then the fetus is ?

Breech

IRP levels for transabdominal ultrasound ____ is the minimum bhCG for identifying an intrauterine pregnancy

4000

Shortening of thigh & upper arm bones

Rhizomelia

Best time to visualize an endometrial polyp

Just after menses in early proliferative phase when the endometrium is thinnest

Best way to measure FL

When the femur is closest to face of probe & beam is perpendicular to length of femur

The uterine artery is best visualized with PW Doppler & level of ?

Cervix

If arhinia is present, the fetus should be evaluated for which anomaly?

Proboscis

Which ratio is useful in diagnosing skeletal dysplasia ?

Femur/Foot

Where should placental thickness be measured ?

@ cord insert site

Which fetal karyotyping procedure will provide the quickest results?

Percuteaneous umbilical blood sampling. {PUBS}

What is performed to obtain a sample of trophoblastic tissue (chorion frondosum) for karyotyping ?

Chorionic Villus sampling {CVS}

How to calculate gestational age in days

CRL + 42

Organogenesis refers to development of the organs of the body and is completed by week ____

Cardiac activity can be seen is an embryo with a CRL of ____

5 mm @ 6 weeks

Embryo development stages

Zygote - cleavage - morula - blastocyst

Which hormone is responsible for symptoms of early pregnancy such as N&V ?

Progesterone

Outer lips or flaps of skin covering vaginal opening

Major labia

Inner lips or flaps of skin covering vaginal opening, smaller than labia major

Minor labia

Imaginary line connecting superior sacrum to symphysis pubis

Lines terminalis

Fatty prominence covering the symphysis pubis

Mons pubis

Highly innervated area that lies below the junction of labia majora

Clitoris

If the spine is at 12 o’clock & the stomach is at 3 o’clock then the fetus is ?

Vertex

If the spine is at 12 o’clock & the stomach is at 9 o’clock then the fetus is ?

Breech

IRP levels for transabdominal ultrasound ____ is the minimum bhCG for identifying an intrauterine pregnancy

4000

Shortening of thigh & upper arm bones

Rhizomelia

Best time to visualize an endometrial polyp

Just after menses in early proliferative phase when the endometrium is thinnest

Best way to measure FL

When the femur is closest to face of probe & beam is perpendicular to length of femur

The uterine artery is best visualized with PW Doppler & level of ?

Cervix

If arhinia is present, the fetus should be evaluated for which anomaly?

Proboscis

Which ratio is useful in diagnosing skeletal dysplasia ?

Femur/Foot

Where should placental thickness be measured ?

@ cord insert site

Which fetal karyotyping procedure will provide the quickest results?

Percuteaneous umbilical blood sampling. {PUBS}

What is performed to obtain a sample of trophoblastic tissue (chorion frondosum) for karyotyping ?

Chorionic Villus sampling {CVS}

How to calculate gestational age in days

CRL + 42

Organogenesis refers to development of the organs of the body and is completed by week ____

Cardiac activity can be seen is an embryo with a CRL of ____

5 mm @ 6 weeks

Embryo development stages

Zygote - cleavage - morula - blastocyst

Which hormone is responsible for symptoms of early pregnancy such as N&V ?

Progesterone

Outer lips or flaps of skin covering vaginal opening

Major labia

Inner lips or flaps of skin covering vaginal opening, smaller than labia major

Minor labia

Imaginary line connecting superior sacrum to symphysis pubis

Lines terminalis

Fatty prominence covering the symphysis pubis

Mons pubis

Highly innervated area that lies below the junction of labia majora

Clitoris

The connecting vessel from the main pulmonary trunk to the descending aorta found in fetal circulation

Ductus arteriosus

Cardia chmaber closest to chest wall

Right ventricle

Opening in base of skull where spinal cord exits

Foramen magnum

Mass that results from spina bifida that contains spinal cord & meninges

Myelomeningocele

Condition in which a cyst caused by intraparenchymal hemorrhage, communicated with lateral ventricles

Porencephaly

Innermost layer of meninges

Pia meter

Functional part of an organ

Parenchyma

Obstruction of CSF from a source WITHIN ventricular system

Noncommunicating hydrocephalus

Obstruction of CSF from a source OUTSIDE of ventricular system

Communicating hydrocephalus

Early embryonic structure that develops into central nervous system

Neural plate

Mass that results from spina bifida that contains spinal cord & meninges

Myelomeningocele

Having 1 large ventricle

Monoventricle

Having a small head

Microcephaly

Normal head shape

Mesocephalic

Herniation of cranial or spinal meninges because of an open spinal or cranial defect

Meningocele

Covering of brain & spinal cord

Meninges

Where is the ethmoid bone located?

Anterior - between orbits

Premature fusion of sutures

Craniosynostosis

AVM that occurs within fetal brain & is often associated with CHF

Vein of Galen aneurysm

Which trisomy is often associated with holoprosencephaly?

Trisomy 13

Which trisomy is workany Syndrome 2?

Fetus with 3 of every chromosome

Triploidy

What does TORCH stand for?

``` T - toxoplasmosis O - Other R - rubella C - cytomegalovirus H - herpes simplex ```

Most common lethal skeletal dysplasia characterized by cloverleaf skull with frontal bossing & hydrocephalus

Thanatophoric dysplasia

Brain structure that allows communication between senses

Thalamus

Flexible connective tissue that lies between cranial bones

Sutures

Typically with miscarriage, serum hCG levels will be ?

Decreased

What does DRIP stand for?

D - demise R - renal anomalies I - IUGR P - PROM

Women 40+ have a higher chance of having which kind of twins ?

Dizygotic

Cyclopia is often associated with which trisomy?

Trisomy 13

Which percent of monozygotic twins will be monoamniotic ?

1-2%

Which percentage of dizygotic twins are dichorionic ?

100%

Which kind of twins of specific to TTTS?

Monozygotic

Which ratio is most sensitive to evaluate for asymmetric IUGR?

FL/AC

Fetal bradycardia is a HR less than ?

100 bpm

Orbital distance measurement would be most helpful for ?

Holoprosencephaly

Longest bone in forearm

Ulna

Rhogam is administered to mother during pregnancy to prevent ?

Eryhtroblastosis fetalis

Fallopian tubes extend from the ____ of the uterus

Cornua

Right ovarian vein drains into ?

IVC

Left ovarian vein drains into ?

Left renal vein

Skeletal anomaly associated with in-utero fractures

Osteogenesis imperfecta type II

Lack of ultrasound seeing cerebral hemispheres & cranium is diagnostic of ?

Anencephaly

Meigs syndrome includes ?

- ovarian fibroma - ascites - pleural effusion

Functional cysts found in presence of elevated hCG levels

Theca lutein cysts

Amenorrhea, hirsutism, & obesity are clinical features of ?

Stein-leventhal Syndrome

PCOS is AKA

Stein-leventhal Syndrome

Permanent form of birth control seen as an echogenic, linear, structures within the lumen of bilateral ischemic portions of tubes

Essure devices

T shaped iud

Mirena

Most severe form of spina bifida

Spina aperta

Encephaloceles are usually found in which region?

Occipital

__________ - associated with trisomy 13 - cleft defects of face - absent corpus callosum - usually fatal

Alobar holoprosencephaly

______ is characterized by large monoventricle with fused thalami

Alobar holoprosencephaly

Least severe form of holoprosencephaly

Lobar

Bioeffect that results from compression and rarefaction of medium as an acoustic wave travels through

Cavitation

Only Doppler ultrasound morality that lermits the quantification of flow states with angle correction velocity measurement

Pulsed-wave spectral Doppler

Spectral Doppler measurement that provides best indicator of diastolic runoff into distal vascular bed

Pulsatility index

Best for demonstrating bony structures when in 3D

Maximum-intensity projections

Equally spaced, bright lenient echoes resulting from repeated reflections from speculation type interfaces

Reverberations

Math expression of Doppler effect

Fa = Fr - F1

Low frequency is associated with ?

Better special resolution

High frequency is associated with ?

Less penetration

Indicator of potential for thermal bio effects, or heating of tissue

Thermal index (TI)

Method of quantifying the potential for ultrasonic healing of human tissue is ?

Thermal index

Early diastolic flow reduction is describing ?

Diastolic notch

Ultrasound travels fastest thru ?

Bone

What does mechanical index (MI) measure ?

Negative acoustic pressure present in medium

Simplest & least technologically complicated method of displaying blood flow info

Continuous wave Doppler

Parameters of flow Doppler uses

- absence - pulsatility - presence - direction

2 most common uses of 3D imaging

- cardiology | - obgyn

Formula for RI

PSV - EDV divides by PSV

_____ is calculated for quantitive assessment of pelvic organs

Doppler info is obtained from analyzing & displaying

Rayleigh backscatter

Soft tissue of fetal face Are well displayed using ?

Surface rendering

Spectral Doppler control that adjusts the number of heartbeats displayed on screen

Sweep speed

How to measure uterus

Aerosol surface of fundus to external os

- look @ anatomy with oligohydramnios - test for PROM - shunt placement for bladder outlet These would all be reasons to do a ____

Amniofusion

____ is when saline is introduced to uterine cavity

Amniofusion

Protein produced by yolk sac, gi tract, liver & can also be produced by some malignant tumors

AFP

Pseudoprecocious puberty has been linked to?

Ovarian, adrenal & liver tumors

True precocious puberty is associated with ______ or can be ideopathic?

Intracranial tumors

Largest part of uterus

Corpus

One of the most common mulleriN duct anomalies

Septate uterus

What could cause a newborn baby girls endometrium to be thickened?

Baby’s endometrium is being stimulated by moms hormones

Arteries that directly supply blood to functional layer of endometrium

Spiral arteries

The right ovarian artery branches off the ____

Aorta

Pelvic muscle group located between coccyx & pubis

Levator ani muscles

Pelvic muscles appear ?

Hypoechoic

Which vessels supply blood to the deepest layers of myometrium

Radial arteries

The true pelvis is delineated from the false pelvis by the ____

Linea terminalis

Innominate bones of the pelvis

- ischium - ilium - pubic bones

Anterior cul de sac is aka

Vesicouterine pouch

The uterine arteries supply blood to the ?

- Fallopian tubes - uterus - ovaries

Both the straight & the spiral arteries are branches of ?

Radial artery

What structure within the pelvis lies posterior to the bladder & anterior to the rectum

Uterus

Uterine radial arteries that supply blood to the basal layer of endometrium

Straight arteries

Tiny, coiled arteries that supply blood to the functional layer of endometrium

Spiral arteries

What all is tested in a triple screen ?

- hCG - afp - estriol

Peptide hormone secreted by placenta

Inhibin A

Estrogenic hormone produced by placenta

Estriol

Which mass is considered androgenic?

Arrhenoblastoma

With Doppler, most malignant ovarian tumors that yield flow signals are ?

Low impedance

Postmenopausal endometrium shouldn’t measure more than ? With hormones ?

5 mm 8 mm with hormones

_____ is when eggs are fertilized in a Petri dish & introduced to Fallopian tube

ZIFT

Lab value compared to ultrasound to see when ovary is ready to ovulate

Estradiol

Hormone in females that stimulates cervical mucus production

Estrogen

Hormone used to trigger ovulation

HCG

Which ovarian tumor would cause preprecocious puberty

Granulosa cell tumor

Most likely cause of hematometra

Imperforate hymen

Most common cause of gonadal dysplasia

Turner syndrome

Female pseudohemaphtoditism is most often caused by?

Adrenal hyperplasia

Fertilization usually occurs how many hours after ovulation?

24-36 hours

For TV, 2nd IS should be greater than it equal to ?

1000

For TV, FIRP should be greater than it equal to ?

2000

How does the 2nd internal standard for bhCG compare to the 1st FIRP ?

2nd is 1/2 of FIRP

Ovulation usually occurs when a follicle reaches ?

2.5 cm

The ureter & iliac vessels located posterior to the ?

Ovaries

Muscles most frequently mistaken for enlarged ovaries

Piriformis

Where are iliac vessels located to the ovaries

Lateral

Doppler waveforms of uterine artery

High velocity, high resistance

Floor of the pelvis is formed by the ?

Levator ani muscles

Normal cervical length in a nulliparous patient?

2-3 cm

Another word for the serosa layer of the uterus

Perimetrium

Using the 2md standard for bhCG levels should allow you to see a normal iup transabdominally at ?

1800

Hypogastric artery is aka

Internal iliac artery

Excessive & prolonged bleeding at irregular intervals

Menometrorrhagia

You should be able to see a normal gestational sac transabdominally when 1st IRP (FIRP) level for bhCG is equal to or greater than ?

3600 mIu/ml

Fertilization usually occurs in the ?

Ampulla

Levator ani muscles are seen in transverse at the same level as the ?

Vagina

What area should be looked at on Doppler on uterine artery?

Lateral to cervix near internal os

During ovulation, a dominant follicle can grow at a rate of ?

2-3 mm per day

Hormone responsible for pms & early pregnancy

Progesterone

FSH is produced by the ?

Pituitary gland

Endometrial proliferation is stimulated by ?

Estrogen

Biochemical measurement used to assess risk for chromosomal defects

Pappa-preg associated plasma protein

Right after the ovum is fertilized? It’s a ___

Zygote

Satisfactory TV probe cleansers

- cidex - transeptic - sporiciden - bleach

When should peristalsis of fetal bowel usually be seen ?

Late in 2nd trimester

At what point does AFI stop riding and plateaus then declines until birth

Approximately 33 weeks

Lateral bone of forearm if in anatomical position

Radius

Most anterior heart chamber

Right ventricle

Most posterior heart chamber

Left atrium

Normal direction of flow through the foramen ovale

Right atrium to left atrium

Fetal testicle normally descend into the scrotum between ____ & ____ weeks

26-34

Most common type of twins

Dizygotic

< 2 mm thick membrane between 2 fetuses indicates _____ twins ?

Monochorionic

What is the choroid plexus responsible for ?

Production of CSF

If a normal cranium isn’t identified by the end of week _____, cranial anomalies should be suspected

15th week

The post parturition period usually last how long?

6-8 weeks

The corpus callosum is completely formed by week ____

Ratio of kidney diameter to abdominal diameter should stay between _____ for the entire pregnancy

0.23-0.27

Which 2 muscles form the pelvic diaphragm?

Levator ani & coccygeus

LH is produced by the ?

Pituitary gland

Which early embryonic structures produce progesterone?

Trophoblastic cells

Most common occurring germ cell tumor

Benign cystic teratoma

Most common complication of a germ cell tumor of ovary

Torsion

Which ovarian tumor contains both epithelial and stromal components

Cystadenofibroma

Preeclampsia is the first trimester is most commonly associated with ?

Molar pregnancy

The formation of bilateral solid ovarian neoplasms is highly suspicious for ?

Krukenberg tumors

What cardiac defect is most common in Ellis van Creveld syndrome?

ASD

Which pedal anomaly is commonly associated with trisomy 13 & 18 ?

Rocker bottom foot

Absence of hands

Acheira

Absence of foot or feet

Apodia

Absence of hands & feet

Acheiropodia

Colpocephaly is commonly associated with ?

Agenesis of corpus callosum

Esophageal atresia is a significant indication of which trisomy?

AV canal defect is the combination of ?

Ostium primum ASD and inlet VSD

An asymmetric facial cleft is commonly caused by ?

Amniotic band sequence

Obstruction of the ica that leads to cerebral tissue destruction is referring to ?

Hydranencephaly

Most common abnormality if umbilical cord

Single artery

Which renal disorder is fatal soon after birth?

Autosomal recessive PCKD

Most common type of conjoined twins

Thoracopagus

Which skeletal anomaly usually occurs as an isolated finding?

Talipes equinovarus

A mother presents with a history of heterozygous achondroplasia. The father doesn’t share this characteristic. What is the chance that their fetus will have the same skeletal dysplasia?

50%

Chiari II malformation is strongly associated with ?

Open spina bifida

What is the placenta like with triploidy?

> 4 cm thickness

Meninges & brain tissue herniation thru a bony defect in the calvarium

Encephalocele

Absent CSP & septo-optic dysplasia and common findings seen with ?

Holoprosencephaly & schizencephaly

A cystic hygrometer contains?

Lymphatic fluid

Which trisomy is associated with choroid plexus cysts?

Which type of osteogenesis imperfecta has the poorest prognosis?

Type 2

Hirschsprung disease would most likely be associated with ?

Multiple dilated loops of bowel

Pedal anomaly associated with spina bifida

Talipes (clubfoot)

A fetus with male genetalia & ovaries

46 xx

A fetus with female genetalia & testes

46 xy

A trident hand is commonly seen with which skeletal anomaly?

Heterozygous achondroplasia