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OB EXAM 2 > OB/GERI EXAM 2 > Flashcards

OB/GERI EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lowest level of surveillance we can do?

A

Fetal movement assessment

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2
Q

When is fetal movement assessment done?

A

o Ideally, it is done after dinner with the mother resting on her side for up to 2 hrs
 Optimizes blood flow to baby

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3
Q

How does cigarette smoking affect newborn blood flow?

A

For every cigarette that the mother smokes, you have 2 hours of diminished blood flow to the baby which can erroneously influence test results

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4
Q

How much movement should you have during a Fetal Movement Assessment?

A

Mother should have at LEAST 10 movements in a 2-hour period

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5
Q

What are some advantages of the Fetal Movement Assessment

A

o Low tech
o Done as a daily assessment and early intervention
o Can be done on all pregnancies
o Reassuring for the mother

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6
Q

What are the three types of electronic fetal monitoring?

A

1) External monitoring
2) Internal fetal monitoring
3) intrauterine pressure catheter (IUPC)

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7
Q

What are the two types of belts on the external monitoring?

A

Tococonducer (belt on the top):
• Monitors for contractions and palpates for changes in tone of the abdomen where changes will occur

Lower belt: senses change in fetal HR
• B/c FHR found in lower half of abdomen

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8
Q

When would we use internal fetal monitoring?

A

1) Membranes must be ruptured
2) Cervix must be dilated
3) must be able to palpate anatomy of fetus so we know we are placing electrode over a bony prominence

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9
Q

What do we monitor with an intrauterine pressure catheter (IUPC)

A

to monitor compression pattern

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10
Q

What are the optimal positioning of the baby?

A

Right occiput anterior

Left occiput anterior

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11
Q

What are the components of the electronic fetal monitoring?

A

1) baseline
2) Variability
3) periodic changes (accelerations or decelerations)

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12
Q

What is variability in the electronic fetal monitoring?

A

Variation of the fetal heart rate around the baseline in amplitude of 5-10 bpm
It is indicative of the health of the PNS and is a snapshot of what is happening neurologically in the baby

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13
Q

What is acceleration

A

of the FHR from the baseline with an amplitude of 10-25 bpm

is indicative of the health of the SNS (fight or flight response)

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14
Q

What does FHR variability reflect?

A

reflects the health of the nervous system, chemoreceptors, baroreceptors and cardiac responsiveness

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15
Q

How does prematurity affect variability

A

Prematurity decreases variability therefore there is little rate fluctuation <28 weeks

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16
Q

When is variability present in the fetus?

A

should be present >32 weeks

fetal hypoxia, congenital heart anomalies and fetal tachycardia can cause a decrease in variability

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17
Q

Presumptive signs of pregnancy

A

cessation of menses
nausea and vomiting
breast changes-enlargement and tenderness
urinary frequency
fatigue
elevation of basal body temperature
Leakage of colostrum
Excessive salivation 4-14 weeks -> period that coincides with morning sickness
Quickening- the mother’s perception of fetal movements

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18
Q

Probable signs of pregnancy

A

physical symptoms that increase the likelihood that it is pregnancy that is causing these symptoms

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19
Q

chadwick’s sign

A

probable sign of pregnancy
blue or purple discoloration of the vulva and the vaginal mucosa, including the vaginal portion of the cervix that occurs around 8 weeks gestation

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20
Q

Hegar’s sign

A

softening and compressibility of the uterine isthmus
b/c of this softening the uterus may be anteflexed or retroverted
occurs around 6-12 weeks
uterus will be tilted back towards the rectum in early pregnancy instead of tilted forward as it should be

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21
Q

Piskacek’s sign

A

asymmetry of the uterus with a rough, irregular contour on one side
occurs around 4-5 weeks

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22
Q

Which probable sign of pregnancy is a sign in which the placenta is implanted that occurs around 4-5 weeks gestation

A

Piskacek’s sign

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23
Q

Mcdonald’s sign

A

an ease in in flexing the body of the uterus against the cervix that goes along with Hegar’s sign

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24
Q

Uterine isthmus

A

portion of uterus b/w cervix and upper body of uterus

because of this softening the uterus may be anteflexed or retroverted ~6-12 weeks

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25
Q

Goodell’s sign

A
  • the softening of the cervix
  • cervix will continue to be soft then develop a hardness/firmness to help it to not give away under pregnancy and result in miscarriage
  • cervix will also form mucous plug during pregnancy which is a dense concentration of mucus that prevents anything from getting up to the vaginal vault and affecting pregnancy
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26
Q

At what gestation period does Goodell’s sign occurs?

A

5 weeks

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27
Q

Uterine souffle

A

the blowing sound of increased blood flow

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28
Q

ballotment

A

palpation of the fetal head

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29
Q

What are the three positive (definitive) signs of pregnancy?

A

1) Auscultation of the fetal heart tones
2) Fetal movement perceived by the provider
3) Visualization of the fetus

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30
Q

What are the two ways pregnancy testing is done to assess levels of hCG produced by the fetus?

A

Urine or blood serum

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31
Q

How often should hCG double during early pregnancy?

A

hCG should double every 2 days during early pregnancy

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32
Q

What is the easiest and least expensive method for a pregnancy test

A
  • Urine based hCG that is done on the first morning void

- accurate after 10-14 days after the first missed menses

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33
Q

Benefits of serum hCG testing

A

Can detect a pregnancy earlier, is not dependent on the time of day and serial testing can be utilized to assess the potential viability of a pregnancy

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34
Q

What is Naegele’s rule for dating a pregnancy?**

A

the first day of the last menstrual cycle plus 7 days minus 3 months

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35
Q

Uterine sizing

A

8 weeks= egg
10 weeks= orange
12 weeks= grapefruit and at pelvic brim

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36
Q

Ultrasounds and dating a pregnancy*

A

the earlier the US the more accurate it is dating a pregnancy

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37
Q

Nulligravida

A

woman who has never been pregnant

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38
Q

Primigravida

A

woman pregnant for the first time

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39
Q

Multipara

A

woman who has had two or more births at more than 20 weeks gestation

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40
Q

mutligravida

A

woman in second or any subsequent pregnanct

41
Q

What color is a non-pregnant uterus?

A

light pink

42
Q

What color is pregnant uterus

A

burgundy d/t increased vascularity

43
Q

How big is the placenta at term

A

8-10 inches

44
Q

What is the placenta’s function

A
  • supplying the fetus oxygen and nourishment
  • removing carbon dioxide and waste materials
  • producing hormones to maintain the pregnancy
  • also produces amniotic fluid fetus lives in
45
Q

How is the mother and fetus’s blood separated?

A

The two are separated by the semipermeable placenta membrane and their blood does not intermix in the placenta
-this membrane helps to protect the fetus from many environmental factors (bacteria, chemicals)

46
Q

What can cross the placenta

A

some small molecules like alcohol, some viruses, and toxic chemicals

47
Q

When does the placenta start to form?

A

During implantation

48
Q

What is the first placental hormone produced?

A

hCG-secreted by the placenta so it’s only present during pregnancy
-can be found in maternal blood and urine as early as the first missed period and through the 100th day of pregnancy

49
Q

Which hormone is necessary to maintain the endometrial lining of the uterus during pregnancy to provide nourishment to the feuts?

A

Progesterone- ESSENTIAL FOR MAINTAINING PREGNANCY**

  • sometimes it is given as a supplement if a pregnancy is at risk
  • it prevents preterm labor by reducing myometrial contraction
50
Q

Which hormone stimulates the development of secondary female sex characteristics?

A

Estrogen
In pregnancy:
1) contributes to the woman’s mammary gland development in preparation for lactation
2) stimulates uterine growth to accommodate growing fetus

51
Q

What tissue/organ mainly produces Relaxin

A

produced mainly by the corpus luteum

52
Q

What are some important functions of relaxin?

A

-Known to mediate the hemodynamic changes that occur during pregnancy, such as increased cardiac output, increased renal blood blow, and increased arterial compliance by relaxing the tone of vascular bed so it can accomodate increase in circulating blood volume

53
Q

Human Placental Lactogen

A

promotes mammary gland growth in preparation for lactation in the mother
also regulates maternal glucose, protein, and fat levels so that this is always available to the fetus as resource

54
Q

What are the cardiovascular changes during pregnancy?

A
  • slight cardiac hypertrophy
  • upward cardiac displacement
  • increased blood volume
  • increased cardiac output
  • increased pulse rate 10-15 bpm from prepregnant baseline
  • increased tendency toward cardiac arrythmias
  • relaxation of vascular bed tone
55
Q

What are the respiratory changes during pregnancy?

A
  • oxygen requirements increase
  • increased chest expansion
  • lower rib cage flares out (laterally)
  • upward displacement of the diaphragm
  • upper respiratory tract becomes more vascular and therefore more congested
  • increased tidal volume and capacity but decreased reserve and residual volumes
56
Q

What are the renal changes during pregnancy?

A
  • renal pelves and the ureters dilate
  • the enlarging uterus puts pressure on the bladder and ureters
  • urine flow rate is slowed
  • urinary tract infections are common (esp. ascending UTI)
  • glomerular filtration increases
  • renal blood flow increases
  • increased renal function in lateral position
  • decreased BUN, creatinine
  • glucose present in urine normally
57
Q

What are the integumentary changes during pregnancy?

A
  • increased skin thickness and subdermal fat-harder to start IV
  • Hyperpigmentation
  • Increased hair and nail growth
  • Increased sweat and sebaceous gland activity
  • Increased circulation and vasomotor activity
  • Cutaneous elastic tissues are more fragile resulting in increased tendency for stretch
58
Q

What are the neuromuscular changes during pregnancy?

A
  • center of gravity shifts
  • lordosis develops
  • relaxation and softening of connective tissues
  • abdominal muscles weaken and separate
  • increased tendencies toward headaches, syncope, muscle cramping and numbness
59
Q

What are the gastrointestinal changes during pregnancy?

A
  • Appetite fluctuates–> accompanied by morning sickness
  • Intestinal secretions decrease
  • Absorption of nutrients increases
  • Tendency toward nausea early in pregnancy
  • The colon is displaced
  • Decreased gastric motility-influenced by progesterone
  • Food cravings and changes in food taste
  • Increased salivation
60
Q

Gravida

A

TOTAL # of pregnancies regardless of gestation including the current pregnancy- includes miscarriages and elective terminations

61
Q

Parity

A

any birth after 20 weeks gestation whether born alive or dead

62
Q

Term

A

number of infants born at or after 38 weeks gestation

63
Q

Preterm

A

number of infants born between 20 weeks and 38 weeks

64
Q

Abortions

A

number of infants born before 20 weeks gestation whether born alive or dead- includes both spontaneous miscarriages and elective terminations of pregnancies and ectopic pregnancy

65
Q

Living

A

number of children alive currently- living children are going to affect her psychological response

66
Q

Uterus

A

comprised of muscle- increases not only in size but in thickness of muscle mass
it becomes very vascular to support the pregnancy

67
Q

Where is the bladder located?

A

Located anteriorly to the uterus and vaginal vault

68
Q

Where is the uterus located?

A

It leans forward on top of bladder but during postpartum period, if the bladder becomes distended it will displace the uterus and make it harder to stop a hemorrhage

69
Q

Where is the rectum located?

A

It is located immediately behind the uterus and the vaginal vault

70
Q

Where are the ovarian tubes located?

A

They are located at the sides of the uterus and wrap around the ovary and secures it in place

71
Q

Where is the fimbriae located?

A

located at the end of the fallopian tube that captures the gg to move it along the uterus

72
Q

What is the age of bioavailability

A

when essential systems are only minimally functional by 24 weeks but now it’s 23 weeks

73
Q

Advantages of chorionic Villus Sampling

A

short waiting time for test results

allows for early detection of fetal disorders

74
Q

Disadvantages of chorionic villus sampling

A
  • increased risk of injury to the fetus
  • inability to detect neural defects
  • potential for repeated invasive procedure
  • risk of contamination of specimen w/ maternal mother’s cells
  • risk of failure to obtain placental tissue
  • risk of leakage of amniotic fluid
  • risk of intrauterine infection
  • risk of rH alloimmunization
75
Q

Negative Contraction Stress Test

A

late or significant variable decelerations

-good thing in this test bc it shows that baby has a negative rxn to contractions

76
Q

Positive Contraction Stress Test

A

late decelerations following 50% or more contractions

77
Q

Equivocal suspicious

A

intermittent late decelerations or significant variable decelerations

78
Q

Neuromuscular system changes during pregnancy

A

1)center of gravity shifts
2)lordosis develops
3)relaxation and softening of connective tissues
abdominal muscles weaken and separate
4)increased tendencies towards headaches, syncope, muscle cramping, and weakness

79
Q

Gastrointestinal changes during pregnancy

A

1) appetite fluctuates- accompanied by morning sickness
2) Intestinal secretions decrease
3) absorption of nutrients increases
4) tendency toward nausea early in pregnancy
5) the colon is displaced
6) decreased gastric motility-influenced by progesterone
7) food craving and changes in food taste
8) increased salivation

80
Q

How much folic acid should pregnant women intake during pregnancy

A

400 mcg of folic acid

81
Q

How much calcium should pregnant women intake?

A

1200-1500 mgm

82
Q

How much weight should the average weighed woman gain during pregnancy?

A

25-30 lbs

83
Q

How much weight should an underweight pregnant women gain?

A

28-40 lbs

84
Q

Pica

A

unusual non-nutritive food during pregnancy

ex) ice, soap powder, organ meats

85
Q

How much weight should a woman expecting twins gain?

A

35-40 lbs

86
Q

How much weight should an overweight women gain?

A

15-25 lbs

87
Q

Ambivalence during 1st trimester

A

not abnormal during pregnancy adaptation

88
Q

What are Rubin’s Four Developmental Tasks of Pregnancy

A

1) Ensuring safe passage through, pregnancy, labor, and birth
2) Seeking acceptance of this child by others
3) Seeking commitment and acceptance of herself as mother to infant
4) learning to give oneself on behalf of one’s child

89
Q

What are the lab tests done during the first trimester?

A 
o	CBC
o	Blood type and Rh
o	Antibody screen
o	Rubella titre
o	Urinalysis,
o	RPR (for syphilis in pregnancy) 
o	HIV testing
o	Glucose
o	TORCH studies 
o	 toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegalovirus, HSV
90
Q

Which two STDs do we perform cervical cultures for to prevent a severe level of conjunctivitis that can cause blindness?

A

Cervical cultures for gonorrhea, chlamydia

91
Q

Why do we perform a pap smear during the first trimester?

A

to identify abnormal cells and tx if necessary

92
Q

How often are prenatal visits during pregnancy?

A

1) every 4 weeks for the first 28 weeks’s gestation
2) every 2 weeks until 36 week’s gestation
3) after week 36, every week until birth
4) beyond full term-> a couple times a week

93
Q

How much folic acid do we want mom to take in during pregnancy?

A

400 mcg*

notice it’s micro

94
Q

How much calcium do we want mom to take in during pregnancy?

A

1200-1500 mg

95
Q

Prenatal Care in 1st Timester

A

1) Cervical cultures for chlamydia and gonorrhea
2) pap smear
3) other testing depending on interview that include:
- TB test
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Genetic testing (ex. hx of losses)
- Ultrasound

96
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

parasitic infection found in cat feces and contaminated food
-tell mother to avoid cat litter boxes or getting a cat during pregnancy

97
Q

When does the mother start to form colostrum?

A

At about 5 months in the 2nd trimester

98
Q

What are the routine and standard repeat assessments in prenatal care?

A

1) UA
2) Weight
3) BP
4) Fundal height assessment
5) fetal heart rate assessment

OB EXAM 2 (1 decks)

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