OB Chapters

Question 1

What is anopthalmia?

Answer 1

absence of eyes- this results from the failure of the optic vesicle to form

Question 2

What syndromes are anopthalmia linked to?

Answer 2

Trisomy 13, 18

Question 3

lots of distance between eyes

Answer 3

hypertelorism

Question 4

o Commonly seen with anterior cephalocele displacing the orbits laterally

Answer 4

hypertelorism

Question 5

closely spaced eyes

Answer 5

Hypotelorism

Question 6

o Most commonly seen with holoprosencephaly and trisomy 13.

Answer 6

Hypotelorism

Question 7

• At the level of the eyes, we can measure

Answer 7

o Ocular diameter- lateral wall of orbit to medial of orbit
o Interocular diameter- length between orbits
o Binocular diameter- length of lateral margin of one eye to lateral to other

Question 8

The lips typically close by weeks

Answer 8

7-8

Question 9

The palate closes by week

Answer 9

12

Question 10

Cleft lip and palate are often seen with what disorders?

Answer 10

holoprosencephaly, trisomy 13, and amniotic band

Question 11

What is macroglossia associated with?

Answer 11

Beckwith-Wiedmann Syndrome and Downs

Question 12

oral teratoma- often complex

Answer 12

Epignathus

Question 13

Micrognathia- small mandible and recessed chin is associated with

Answer 13

Seen with Trisomy 13/18

Question 14

What is a cystic hygroma?

Answer 14

abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid within the soft tissue.

Question 15

What is cystic hygromas associated with?

Answer 15

Seen with Turner, fetal hydrops, aneuploidy, Trisomy 13, 18, 21

Question 16

An increased nuchal fold is often associated with?

Answer 16

Down syndrome

Question 17

What level should the nuchal fold be measured?

Answer 17

o Taken at the level of the CSP (cavum). Measure from occipital bone-skin.

Question 18

Nuchal fold is measured at

Answer 18

15-19 weeks

Question 19

Nuchal Translucency is measured at

Answer 19

11-14 weeks

Question 20

Signs and symptoms of Holoprosencephaly

Answer 20

• Hypotelorism-reduced distance between eyes
• Cebocephaly-nose with single nostril
• Cyclopia-fusion of orbits
• Cleft Lip
• Ethomocephaly-no nose, proboscis

Question 21

Name the 5 parts of the spine in order from neck to tailbone

Answer 21

1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Sacrum
5. Coccyx

Question 22

Name 3 Neural tube defects

Answer 22

spina bifida, anencephaly, and cephalocele

Question 23

When a patient has an elevated Maternal Serum Alpha-fetoprotein, what 4 disorders are associated?

Answer 23

omphalocele, gastroschisis, fetal death, and multiple gestations

Question 24

produced by yolk sac, fetal GI tract and liver, if AFP exits fetus thru an opening, thus the greater amount to pass into maternal circulation. making this lab elevated

Answer 24

Alphafetoprotein

Question 25

The lower on spine the more greater the neurological damage of spina bifida True or False

Answer 25

false the HIGHER on the spine the greater damage.

Question 26

Sonographic findings for Spina Bifida

Answer 26

- Lemon sign- scalloping of frontal bones - Banana sign-The cerebellum gets displaced inferiorly and posteriorly. - No cisterna magna - Enlarged lateral ventricles - ELEVATED MSAFP with Aperta

Question 27

Whats the difference between spina bifida occulta and aperta?

Answer 27

Aperta is an open defect and occulta is closed defect of spina bifida----- Think of occulta-like halt and aperta means open in spanish :)

Question 28

 No herniation of spinal contents outside spinal column |  After born, can be diagnosed if sacral dimple, hemangioma or more hair is seen.

Answer 28

Spina Bifida Occulta

Question 29

Spina Bifida containing meninges

Answer 29

Meningocele- part of aperta

Question 30

Spina Bifida containing meninges and nerve roots

Answer 30

meningomyelocele

Question 31

abnormal lateral curvature, appears as S shaped

Answer 31

scoliosis

Question 32

abnormal posterior curvature of spine Often seen with hemivertebrae, myelomeningoceles, amniotic band syndrome, and limb-body wall complex, and VACTERL

Answer 32

kyphosis

Question 33

What would you suspect if you see a fetus that is close to placenta with marked scoliosis and a short umbilical cord

Answer 33

Limb-Body Wall Complex

Question 34

Signs and symptoms of Limb-Body wall complex

Answer 34

Short or absent umbilical cord ventral wall defects, limb defects, craniofacial defects, scoliosis, exencephaly (brain outside of head) , encephalocele (sac-like protrusions of the brain)

Question 35

What happens if both parents are dwarfs and the child has both their type of achondroplasia

Answer 35

FATAL called homozygous

Question 36

difference in BPD and FL around 24 weeks, micromelia (shortened limb), macrocrania, frontal bossing, flattened nasal bridge and trident hand.

Answer 36

Achondroplasia

Question 37

rare LETHAL condition- absent mineralization of skeletal bones. deficiency in ossifaction of spine, pelvic and cranium. Sonographically- severe limb shortening, rib fractures, and polyhydramnios

Answer 37

Achondrogensis

Question 38

brittle bone disease- multiple fractures-poor ossification and decreased mineralization-

Answer 38

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Question 39

most severe and fatal. Bell shaped chest, decreased movement, skull demineralization, and the soft skull can be disorted. Which type of osteogensis imperfecta is this?

Answer 39

Type 2- fatal.

Question 40

sacral agenesis and coccyx. Diabetes has ^association. Sometimes clubbed feet is seen

Answer 40

Caudal Regression Syndrome think caudal sacral kinda rhyme also caudal/club feet/coccyx all start with C

Question 41

cloverleaf skull frontal bossing hydrocephalus. The thoracic and AC will be unalike, narrow thorax (bell shaped chest) hypoplasia of the lungs, the abdomen will be big

Answer 41

Thanatophoric Dysplasia

Question 42

Club foot is also called

Answer 42

talipes euinovarus

Question 43

sticky bands result from rupture of the amnion and can entrap fetal parts and cause amputation of digits, limbs, and skull, and lead to facial clefting.

Answer 43

Amniotic Band syndrome

Question 44

uncommon, absence or hypoplasia of the radius Seen in Trisomy 13, 18, and VACTERL

Answer 44

Radial Ray Defect