OB 2019 Chapter 3

Question 1

Affect

Answer 1

Affective component of attitude deals with a person’s feelings toward the person or object

Question 2

Attitude

Answer 2

A predisposition to respond in a favourable or unfavourable way to objects or persons in one’s enviornement

Question 3

Attribution Biases

Answer 3

Covers both the fundamental attribution error and the self-serving bias

Question 4

Attribution Theory

Answer 4

Concerns the process by which an individual interprets events as being caused by a particular part of a relatively stable environment

Question 5

Components of attitude

Answer 5

Cognitive component - beliefs & ideas about a person or object, affective component - feelings towards person or object, intentional component - behavioural intentions with respect to person or object

Question 6

Behavioural justification

Answer 6

The need to ensure that one’s behaviours are consistent with their attitudes toward the event

Question 7

Body language

Answer 7

The manner in which people express their inner feelings subconsciously through physical actions such as sitting up straight versus being relaxed or looking people straight in the eye versus looking away from people

Question 8

Cognitive consistency

Answer 8

The need for behavioural justification to ensure that a person’s behaviours are consistent with their attitudes towards an event

Question 9

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 9

Finding one’s self acting in a fashion that is inconsistent with their attitudes and experiencing tension and attempting to reduce this tension and return to a state of cognitive consistency

Question 10

Dispositional approach

Answer 10

Argues that attitudes represent relatively stable predispositions to respond to people or situations around them

Question 11

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 11

The tendency to underestimate the effects of external or situational causes of behaviour and to overestimate the effects of internal or personal causes

Question 12

Halo effect

Answer 12

The influence of positive arbitrary biases

Question 13

Job involvement

Answer 13

Refers to the extent to which a person is interested in and committed to assigned tasks

Question 14

Job satisfaction

Answer 14

A pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experience

Question 15

Organizational commitment

Answer 15

Represents the relative strength of an individual’s identification with and involvement in an organization

Question 16

Perception

Answer 16

The process by which one screens, selects, organizes, and interprets stimuli to give them meaning

Question 17

Perceptual defence

Answer 17

A defence that perceives emotionally disturbing or threatening stimuli as having a higher recognition threshold than neutral stimuli. Such stimuli are likely to elicit substitute perceptions that are radically altered so as to prevent recognition of the presented stimuli that arouse emotional reactions even though the stimuli are not recognized.

Question 18

Perceptual organization

Answer 18

When meaning has been attached to an object, individuals are in a position to determine an appropriate response or reaction to it.

Question 19

Perceptual selectivity

Answer 19

Refers to the process by which individuals select objects in the environment for attention

Question 20

Response disposition

Answer 20

The tendency to recognize familiar objects more quickly than unfamiliar ones

Question 21

Response salience

Answer 21

The tendency to focus on objects that relate to our immediate needs or wants

Question 22

Selective perception

Answer 22

The process by which we systematically screen out information we don’t wish to hear, focusing instead on more salient information

Question 23

Self-serving bias

Answer 23

The tendency for individuals to attribute success on an event or project to their own actions while attributing failure to others

Question 24

Situational approach

Answer 24

This approach argues that attitudes emerge as a result of the uniqueness of a given situation

Question 25

Social perception

Answer 25

Consists of those processes by which we perceive other people

Question 26

Social-information-processing approach

Answer 26

Asserts that attitudes result from “socially constructed realities” as perceived by the individual

Question 27

Stereotyping

Answer 27

A tendency to assign attributes to people solely on the basis of their class or category