Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OA Exam 2 > OA Parkinson's > Flashcards

OA Parkinson's Flashcards

1
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • neurodegenerative disease
  • largely unknown cause
  • no diagnostic test
  • no prevention, no cure
  • debilitating
  • progressive with complications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Parkinson’s increases with…

A

age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

age of onset for Parkinson’s

A

50s-60s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

peak onset for Parkinson’s

A

70s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What gender is Parkinson’s more common?

A

men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of degeneration results in Parkinson’s?

A

-degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra of the midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the midbrain disrupt?

A

it disrupts dopamine-acetylcholine balance in basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The increase of acetylcholine results in…

A

clinical manifestations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Motor clinical manifestations of Parkinson’s

A
  • bradykinesia
  • rigidity
  • resting tremors
  • impaired postural reflexes

**at least 2 of 4 for diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

bradykinesia

A

slowing of initiation and execution of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

rigidity due to…

A
  • increased muscle tone

- involuntary muscle contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

resting tremors

A
  • HANDS, arms, legs, jaw, face

- “pill-rolling”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what type of impaired postural reflexes are typical for Parkinson’s

A

late response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Non-motor clinical manifestations

A
  • cognitive changes
  • sleep abnormalities
  • emotional changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stages of Progression

A
  1. PD symptoms affect only one side of body
  2. symptoms both sides, balance intact
  3. mild to moderate symptoms, balance impaired, still functions independently
  4. severely disabled, but can still walk or stand without assistance
  5. wheelchair-bound or bedridden
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The “classic” Parkinson’s Patient

A
  • stooped posture
  • masked faces
  • drooling
  • shuffling gait
  • “frozen” in place
  • difficulty controlling posture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Complications that result from Parkinson’s

A
  • dysphagia
  • urinary incontinence
  • lack of mobility
  • orthostatic hypotension
  • depression
  • dementia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

dysphagia

A
  • difficulty or discomfort swallowing
  • leads to malnutrition
  • aspiration/pneumonia
19
Q

urinary incontinence leads to…

A

UTIs

skin breakdown

20
Q

lack of mobility leads to..

A
  • constipation
  • ankle edema
  • contractures
21
Q

orthostatic hypotension leads to..

A

falls and other injuries

22
Q

How to diagnosis

A
  • no specific tests
  • based on hx and clinical features
  • at least 2 of 4 motor characteristics
  • positive response to meds
23
Q

Pharm therapy for PD

A
  • main treatment for PD
  • corrects imbalance of neurotransmitters
  • enhances or releases supply of dopamine
  • antagonize/block effects of overactive cholinergic neurons
  • can have difficult side effects
  • may have “wearing off” time
24
Q

Levodopa/Carbidopa

A

Sinemet

  • increases dopamine effect
  • converted to dopamine in the basal ganglia and peripheral tissue
  • carbidopa inhibits an enzyme that breaks down levodopa before it reaches the brain
25
Q

Dopamine receptor agonists

A
  • postpone the use of Levodopa/Carbodopa
  • mimic dopamine
  • less likely to cause dyskinesias
26
Q

Dopamine receptor agonist medications

A
  • Pramipexole
  • Ropinirole
  • Pergolide
27
Q

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

A
  • preserves existing dopamine
  • modest in preventing symptoms
  • interacts with antidepressants, narcotic painkillers, and decongestants
  • Selegillne
28
Q

Catechol-O-Methyl Tranferase Inhibitors

A
  • preserves and prolongs the effects of Levodopa

- Entocaparone

29
Q

Entocaparone

A
  • interacts with MAO-inhibitors

- may cause abdominal and back pain

30
Q

Anticholinergics

A
  • decreases activity of acetylcholine, tremors, rigidity

- helps with “wearing off”

31
Q

Anticholinergic medications

A
  • Benztropine
  • Trihexyphenidyl

**helps with wearing off

32
Q

Antihistamines

A

-decreases activity of acetylcholine, decreases tremors

33
Q

Antihistamine medications

A
  • Diphenhydramine

- Orphandarine

34
Q

Possible side effects of meds

A
  • dyskinesias
  • hallucinations
  • orthostatic hypotension
  • weakness
  • akinesia
35
Q

Surgical Therapy for PD

A
  • Stereotactic Ablation
  • Deep brain stimulation

-fetal neural tissue
transplantation

-stem cell therapy

36
Q

Stereotactic Ablation

A
  • thalamotomy

- pallidotomy

37
Q

Supportive therapies

A
  • nutritional
  • PT
  • OT
  • Speech
  • Psych
38
Q

Nutritional Therapy

A
  • prevent/correct malnutrition
  • easy to chew and swallow foods
  • several small meals to prevent fatigue
  • provide ample time to decrease frustration
  • encourage high fiber and increased fluids to help with constipation
39
Q

Physical Therapy

A
  • help maintain mobility of joints, muscle tone, and function
  • maintain self care
  • increase safety
40
Q

Nursing Diagnoses

A
  • Impaired physical mobility r/t rigidity, bradykinesia AMB difficulty in initiating voluntary movements
  • Impaired verbal communication r/t dysarthria, tremor AMB decreased communication, slow and slurred speech
  • Impaired swallowing r/t….AMB….
  • Constipation r/t….AMB….
  • Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements r/t….AMB….
  • Powerlessness r/t….AMB….
41
Q

Nursing Goals/Interventions

A
  • safe ambulation
  • maintenance of joint mobility
  • prevent aspiration
  • maintain satisfactory weight
42
Q

Safe ambulation/maintenance of joint mobility

A
  • assist with ambulation
  • ROM exercises
  • PT/OT consults
  • Teach techniques to assist with mobility
43
Q

Maintain satisfactory weight

A
  • assess swallowing ability
  • consult dietician and speech therapy
  • upright position to eat
  • have suction available
  • soft, solid and thick, liquid diets depending on individual

OA Exam 2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions