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Chemistry > O2: 31 Organic Synthesis and Analysis > Flashcards

O2: 31 Organic Synthesis and Analysis Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do chemists aim to design processes that don’t require a solvent and that use non-hazardous starting materials?

A

To reduce hazards and waste as solvents are often flammable and toxic, and must be disposed of afterwards.
To limit potential accidents and environmental damage.

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2
Q

Why do chemists aim to design production methods with fewer steps?

A

To have a higher % atom economy.
So there’s less waste products.

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3
Q

Alkene to polyalkene.

Condition.

A

High pressure catalyst.

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4
Q

Alkene to dihalogenoalkane

Reagent, condition, mechanism.

A

Reagent: Br2 / Cl2
Condition: Room temp
Mechanism: Electrophilic addition.

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5
Q

Dihalogenoalkane to diol.

Reagent, conditions, mechanism.

A

Reagent: KOH
Conditions, aqueous KOH, heat under reflux
Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution.

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6
Q

Alkene to halogenoalkane.

Reagent, condition, mechanism.

A

Reagent: HBr / HCl
Condition: Room temp
Mechanism: Electrophilic addition.

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7
Q

Alkane to halogenoalkane.

Reagent, condition, reaction.

A

Reagent: Br2 / Cl2
Condition: UV light
Reaction: Free-radical substitution.

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8
Q

Halogenoalkane to alkene.

Reagent, conditions, mechanism.

A

Reagent: KOH
Conditions: alcoholic KOH, heat under reflux
Mechanism: Elimination.

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9
Q

Halogenoalkane to alcohol:

Reagent, conditions, mechanism.

A

Reagent: KOH
Conditions: aqueous KOH, heat under reflux
Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution.

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10
Q

Alcohol to alkene.

Reagent, condition, mechanism/ reaction.

A

Reagent: H3PO4 / H2SO4
Condition: conc
Mechanism/ reaction: acid-catalysed elimination / dehydration

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11
Q

Alkene to alcohol.

Reagents, condition, mechanism, reaction

A
  1. Reagent: H2SO4
    Mechanism: Electrophilic addition
  2. Reagent: H2O
    Condition: Warm
    Reaction: Hydrolysis.
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12
Q

Alcohol to aldehyde.

Reagent, conditions, reaction

A

Reagent: Acidified K2Cr2O7
Conditions: Heat and distill
Reaction: Partial oxidation.

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13
Q

Alcohol to ketone

Reagent, condition, reaction

A

Reagent: acidified K2Cr2O7
Condition: heat
Reaction: oxidation.

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14
Q

Aldehyde to alcohol

Reagent, mechanism/ reaction

A

Reagent: NaBH4
Mechanism/ reaction: nucleophilic addition / reduction

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15
Q

Ketone to alcohol

Reagent, mechanism/ reaction

A

Reagent: NaBH4
Mechanism/ reaction: nucleophilic addition / reduction

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16
Q

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid

Reagent, conditions, reaction

A

Reagent: acidified K2Cr2O7
Conditions: heat under reflux, excess acidified K2Cr2O7
Reaction: oxidation

17
Q

Aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

Reagents, mechanism.

A

Reagents: KCN, H2SO4
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition

18
Q

Ketone to hydroxynitrile

Reagents, mechanism

A

Reagents: KCN, H2SO4
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition

19
Q

Alcohol to ester

Reagents, condition, reaction

A

Reagents: carboxylic acid, H2SO4
Condition: heat
Reaction: Esterification

20
Q

Carboxylic acid to ester

Reagents, condition, reaction

A

Reagents: alcohol, H2SO4
Condition: heat
Reaction: esterification

21
Q

Halogenoalkane to nitrile

Reagent, conditions, mechanism

A

Reagent: HCN
Conditions: ethanolic HCN, water mixture, heat under reflux
Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution

22
Q

Nitrile to primary amine

Reagent, condition, reaction

A

Reagent: LiAlH4
Condition: in ether
Reaction: reduction

23
Q

Halogenoalkane to primary amine

Reagent, conditions, mechanism

A

Reagent: NH3
Conditions: alcoholic NH3, heat under pressure
Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution

24
Q

Primary amine to secondary/tertiary amine / quaternary salt

Reagent, mechanism

A

Reagent: halogenoalkane
Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution

25
Q

Primary amine to secondary amide

Reagent, condition, mechanism

A

Reagent: Acyl chloride
Condition: room temp
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition - elimination

26
Q

Acyl chloride/ acid anhydride to carboxylic acid

Reagent, condition, mechanism

A

Reagent: H2O
Condition: room temp
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition - elimination

27
Q

Acyl chloride/ acid anhydride to ester

Reagent, condition, mechanism

A

Reagent: alcohol
Condition: room temp
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition-elimination

28
Q

Acyl chloride/ acid anhydride to secondary amide

Reagent, condition, mechanism

A

Reagent: primary amine
Condition: room temp
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition/ elimination

29
Q

Acyl chloride/ acid anhydride to primary amide

Reagent, condition, mechanism

A

Reagent: NH3
Condition: room temp
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition/ elimination

30
Q

Benzene to nitrobenzene

Reagents, condition, mechanism

A

Reagents: HNO3, H2SO4
Condition: conc
Mechanism: electrophilic substitution

31
Q

Nitrobenzene to aminobenzene

Reagents, reaction

A

Reagents: Sn, HCl
Reaction: reduction

32
Q

Aminobenzene to N-methylbenzene

Reagent, mechanism

A

Reagent: CH3Cl
Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution

33
Q

Aminobenzene to N-phenylethanamide

Reagent, mechanism

A

Reagent: CH3COCl
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition-elimination

34
Q

Benzene to phenylketone

Reagent, condition, mechanism

A

Reagent: acyl chloride
Condition: AlCl3 catalyst
Mechanism: electrophilic substitution

Chemistry (33 decks)

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