O2: 31 Organic Synthesis and Analysis Flashcards
Why do chemists aim to design processes that don’t require a solvent and that use non-hazardous starting materials?
To reduce hazards and waste as solvents are often flammable and toxic, and must be disposed of afterwards.
To limit potential accidents and environmental damage.
Why do chemists aim to design production methods with fewer steps?
To have a higher % atom economy.
So there’s less waste products.
Alkene to polyalkene.
Condition.
High pressure catalyst.
Alkene to dihalogenoalkane
Reagent, condition, mechanism.
Reagent: Br2 / Cl2
Condition: Room temp
Mechanism: Electrophilic addition.
Dihalogenoalkane to diol.
Reagent, conditions, mechanism.
Reagent: KOH
Conditions, aqueous KOH, heat under reflux
Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution.
Alkene to halogenoalkane.
Reagent, condition, mechanism.
Reagent: HBr / HCl
Condition: Room temp
Mechanism: Electrophilic addition.
Alkane to halogenoalkane.
Reagent, condition, reaction.
Reagent: Br2 / Cl2
Condition: UV light
Reaction: Free-radical substitution.
Halogenoalkane to alkene.
Reagent, conditions, mechanism.
Reagent: KOH
Conditions: alcoholic KOH, heat under reflux
Mechanism: Elimination.
Halogenoalkane to alcohol:
Reagent, conditions, mechanism.
Reagent: KOH
Conditions: aqueous KOH, heat under reflux
Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution.
Alcohol to alkene.
Reagent, condition, mechanism/ reaction.
Reagent: H3PO4 / H2SO4
Condition: conc
Mechanism/ reaction: acid-catalysed elimination / dehydration
Alkene to alcohol.
Reagents, condition, mechanism, reaction
- Reagent: H2SO4
Mechanism: Electrophilic addition - Reagent: H2O
Condition: Warm
Reaction: Hydrolysis.
Alcohol to aldehyde.
Reagent, conditions, reaction
Reagent: Acidified K2Cr2O7
Conditions: Heat and distill
Reaction: Partial oxidation.
Alcohol to ketone
Reagent, condition, reaction
Reagent: acidified K2Cr2O7
Condition: heat
Reaction: oxidation.
Aldehyde to alcohol
Reagent, mechanism/ reaction
Reagent: NaBH4
Mechanism/ reaction: nucleophilic addition / reduction
Ketone to alcohol
Reagent, mechanism/ reaction
Reagent: NaBH4
Mechanism/ reaction: nucleophilic addition / reduction
Aldehyde to carboxylic acid
Reagent, conditions, reaction
Reagent: acidified K2Cr2O7
Conditions: heat under reflux, excess acidified K2Cr2O7
Reaction: oxidation
Aldehyde to hydroxynitrile
Reagents, mechanism.
Reagents: KCN, H2SO4
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition
Ketone to hydroxynitrile
Reagents, mechanism
Reagents: KCN, H2SO4
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition
Alcohol to ester
Reagents, condition, reaction
Reagents: carboxylic acid, H2SO4
Condition: heat
Reaction: Esterification
Carboxylic acid to ester
Reagents, condition, reaction
Reagents: alcohol, H2SO4
Condition: heat
Reaction: esterification
Halogenoalkane to nitrile
Reagent, conditions, mechanism
Reagent: HCN
Conditions: ethanolic HCN, water mixture, heat under reflux
Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
Nitrile to primary amine
Reagent, condition, reaction
Reagent: LiAlH4
Condition: in ether
Reaction: reduction
Halogenoalkane to primary amine
Reagent, conditions, mechanism
Reagent: NH3
Conditions: alcoholic NH3, heat under pressure
Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
Primary amine to secondary/tertiary amine / quaternary salt
Reagent, mechanism
Reagent: halogenoalkane
Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
Primary amine to secondary amide
Reagent, condition, mechanism
Reagent: Acyl chloride
Condition: room temp
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition - elimination
Acyl chloride/ acid anhydride to carboxylic acid
Reagent, condition, mechanism
Reagent: H2O
Condition: room temp
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition - elimination
Acyl chloride/ acid anhydride to ester
Reagent, condition, mechanism
Reagent: alcohol
Condition: room temp
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition-elimination
Acyl chloride/ acid anhydride to secondary amide
Reagent, condition, mechanism
Reagent: primary amine
Condition: room temp
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition/ elimination
Acyl chloride/ acid anhydride to primary amide
Reagent, condition, mechanism
Reagent: NH3
Condition: room temp
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition/ elimination
Benzene to nitrobenzene
Reagents, condition, mechanism
Reagents: HNO3, H2SO4
Condition: conc
Mechanism: electrophilic substitution
Nitrobenzene to aminobenzene
Reagents, reaction
Reagents: Sn, HCl
Reaction: reduction
Aminobenzene to N-methylbenzene
Reagent, mechanism
Reagent: CH3Cl
Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
Aminobenzene to N-phenylethanamide
Reagent, mechanism
Reagent: CH3COCl
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition-elimination
Benzene to phenylketone
Reagent, condition, mechanism
Reagent: acyl chloride
Condition: AlCl3 catalyst
Mechanism: electrophilic substitution
