O - Z Flashcards
Objective
Objective is a target or purpose that, when combined with other objectives, leads to a goal.
Objective-centered
Objective-centered describes a theory of instruction that concentrates on observable and measurable outcomes. It is based on behaviorism, the primary tenet of which is that psychology should concern itself with the observable behavior of people and animals, not the unobservable events that take place in their minds.
Observation
Observation occurs when participants are directed to view or witness an event and be prepared to share their reflections, reactions, data, or insights. Observation is also a methodology for data collection.
Observation bias
Observation bias is the tendency for observers to see what they expect to see based on past experiences and knowledge. To prevent it, observations should be conducted in the least obtrusive manner possible, preferably by multiple people. Observers should receive training, as well as a checklist, to aid in their observations. The Hawthorne Effect is a well-documented phenomenon that can negatively influence research observations.
One-way analysis of variance
One-way analysis of variance allows the comparison of several groups of observations, all of which are independent but may have a different mean. A test of great importance is whether the means are all equal. All observations arise from one of several groups (or have been exposed to one of several treatments in an experiment). This method classifies data one way—according to the group or treatment.
Online help
Online help is a computer application that provides online assistance.
Open space technology
Open space technology is an approach for facilitating meetings, conferences, symposia, and so forth that is focused on a specific purpose or task—but starting without any formal agenda beyond the overall purpose or theme. Open space meetings ensure that all issues and ideas people are willing to raise are discussed.
Open systems
Open systems continuously interact with their environment. In organizations, an open system is said to allow people to learn from and influence one another because of their interconnectedness and interdependence within the system.
Open systems theory, also known as living or general systems theory
Open systems theory, also known as living or general systems theory, is the concept that open systems are strongly affected by and continuously interacting with their environments. Organizations are viewed as open systems.
Open-ended
Open-ended is a type of questioning that stimulates discussion. Open-ended questions have no single correct answer and encourage people to draw on their own experiences and apply them to the current situation or discussion.
Opening exercises, also called openers.
Opening exercises, also called openers, differ from icebreakers in that they always introduce or tie in to the subject matter being taught. Openers set the stage and avoid abrupt starts. They also make participants comfortable with the formal program they are about to experience. Openers may also energize a group after coffee breaks and meals, as well as to open sessions that occur on the second or third day of a program.
Operating expenses
Operating expenses are the costs incurred by an organization as a result of conducting normal business activities.
Operational goals
Operational goals, or programmatic goals, define the objectives that must be met to initiate a TD effort, such as the date by which the program will be deployed.
Opportunity
Opportunity (within performance improvement) refers to whether employees are able or allowed to do a job. Employees mired in insignificant tasks may not have time to do the work that supports organizational goals.
Ordinal data.
Ordinal data is a number or variable that allows for ranking order of importance from highest to lowest.
Organization development (OD)
Organization development (OD) is the process of developing an organization so that it’s more effective in achieving its business goals. OD uses planned initiatives to develop the systems, structures, and process in the organization to improve effectiveness.
Organizational culture
Organizational culture is the unspoken pattern of values, assumptions, and beliefs that guide the behavior, attitudes, and practices of people in an organization.
Organizational learning
Organizational learning is the systemic implementation of best practices to create, retain, and disseminate knowledge within an entity or organization to ensure improvement over time.
Outcome goals
Outcome goals are based on the needs of the organization and the expectations of senior leaders. They measure an initiative’s influence on organizational goals
Outcome measures
Outcome measures are the numerical results or impact of the learning program or initiative, such as the results of a training program on revenue or how a leadership development program has influenced succession plans.
Outcomes
Outcomes are measures that examine the impact of an initiative on organizational goals and results.
Outlier
Outlier is a data point that’s an unusually large or unusually small value compared with others in the data set. An outlier might be the result of an error in measurement, in which case it distorts interpretation of the data, which has undue influence on many summary statistics.
Outsourcing training
Outsourcing training is when an organization uses external services or products to meet its learning requirements.
Overjustification effect
Overjustification effect is seen when extrinsic motivators are offered for something that is already intrinsically rewarding, which can make the activity less intrinsically motivating.
Paired comparison
Paired comparison is a decision-making tool that combines each option with all the other options to decide on the preferred option. It is most useful when there are many competing options involved.
Participative leaders
Participative leaders share maximum information and consult with their group to make decisions.
Partnering
Partnering is proactively establishing a long-term relationship based on mutual trust and each partner’s expertise to reach a successful common goal.
Passive listening
Passive listening describes a situation in which the listener has no interaction with the speaker, such as listening to the radio or a podcast.
Pedagogy
Pedagogy is the art or practice of teaching that usually refers to children. Pedagogy focuses on the skills teachers use to impart knowledge and emphasizes the teacher’s role. It is contrasted with andragogy, the teaching of adults, which focuses on the learner who is assumed to be self-directed and motivated to learn. See also andragogy.)
Peer coaching
Peer coaching is conducted in pairs or small groups to provide personal or professional leadership development by supporting, challenging, and coaching one another. It can be a part of formal training, a follow-up to formal training, a stand-alone program, or a support group for entrepreneurs or consultants, often called master mind groups.
Peer KM champion
Peer KM champion is the person assigned to help provide troubleshooting and support for knowledge management issues.
Percentile
Percentile is a statistical value below which a specific given percent of observations exists; for example, the 80th percentile is the value below which 80 percent of the observations will be located.
Perceptual modality
Perceptual modality, a theory developed by W.B. James and M.W. Galbraith, states that a learner’s primary perceptual modality and the attendant preferred mode of learning may be print, visual, aural, interactive, tactile, kinesthetic, or olfactory.
Performance
Performance describes the execution and accomplishment of some activity; it is not an adjective that describes the action itself.
Performance analysis
Performance analysis is the data gathering phase of performance improvement, which measures the gap between what employees actually accomplish and what the organization desires.
Performance support
Performance support provides just enough information to complete a task when and where a performer needs it. The support is embedded within the natural workflow and is organized for use within a specific context, such as the location or role that requires completion.
Performing stage
Performing stage is the fourth stage of the Tuckman model in which the team identity is complete and morale is high. This stage is characterized by a high level of trust. Members organize themselves in highly flexible ways and experiment with solutions.
Personal mastery
Personal mastery is the discipline of continually clarifying and deepening personal vision, focusing energy, developing patience, and seeing reality objectively. People with a high level of personal mastery realize the results that matter most to them.
Personality inventory instrument
Personality inventory instrument is a questionnaire or standardized instrument that measures and defines aspects of a person’s character or psychological traits.
Personality test
Personality test is a less formal and less accurate assessment version of a personality inventory, which was not likely validated.
Personally identifiable information (PII)
Personally identifiable information (PII) is data that could be used to identify an individual, such as social security number, bank account number, passport number, driver’s license number, or an email address.
Program evaluation review technique (PERT) chart is a management planning and control tool that enables project managers to analyze a range of task durations to create a project’s timeline by estimating the optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely durations for each task.
Program evaluation review technique (PERT) chart is a management planning and control tool that enables project managers to analyze a range of task durations to create a project’s timeline by estimating the optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely durations for each task.
PEST analysis
PEST analysis is a tool used for environmental scanning to identify, evaluate, and track factors that can influence an organization: political, economic, social, and technical opportunities and threats.
Pipeline planning
Pipeline planning is a proactive approach for filling current or anticipated staffing shortages in specific job categories or families.
Positive reframing
Positive reframing is a technique in which the TD professional emphasizes the successes and strengths related to an issue because it allows the customer to see how positive contributions lead to a positive future.
Provocative proposition
Provocative proposition is a statement used in the design phase of appreciative inquiry that bridges “what is” with speculation of “what might be.” It is provocative in that it stretches the status quo, challenges common assumptions, and suggests desired possibilities for the organization.
Proxemics
Proxemics is a term coined by anthropologist Edward T. Hall defining the study of the cultural, behavioral, and sociological aspects of spatial distances between individuals. Perceptions of appropriate spatial distances vary by country and culture. For example, there are four types of space common to people in the United States: intimate (18 inches), personal (18 inches to 4 feet), social (4 to 12 feet), and public (more than 12 feet).
Psychodynamic theory
Psychodynamic theory is a view that explains personality in terms of our unconscious and conscious thoughts shaped by childhood experiences; the knowledge of what motivates individuals and what internal conflicts they face can be used in career development to predict career success and choice.
Qualitative measures
Qualitative measures yield soft data, which are more intangible, anecdotal, personal, and subjective, such as opinions, attitudes, assumptions, feelings, values, and desires. Qualitative data may be difficult to express in specific numbers because the analysis is often descriptive
Qualitative analysis
Qualitative analysis is the examination of non-measurable data, such as individuals’ opinions, behaviors, and attributes or an organization’s image, customer support, or reputation.
Qualitative data
Qualitative data is information that characterizes, but does not quantifiably measure, the attributes or properties.
Quantitative methods
Quantitative methods yield hard data, which are objective and measurable and can be stated in such terms as frequency, percentage, proportion, or time. TD professionals can use quantitative data to measure the problem or opportunity numerically and apply statistical analysis to validate a hypothesis.
Quantitative analysis
Quantitative analysis is the examination of measurable data or the quantities of particular items in a situation or event.
Quasi-experimental research designs
Quasi-experimental research designs occur when a treatment is administered to only one of two groups whose members were randomly assigned.
