O, S a H2O Flashcards

1
Q

H2O vazby

A
  • polarna kovalentna- H-O, ciastkovy naboj + a - =sp3 neekvivalentna vazba
  • vodikove mostiky medzi molekulami H2O
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2
Q

fyzikalne vlastnosti

A
  • H2O zamrza z vrchu- ma mensiu hustotu ako kvapalna voda- vodikove mostiky sa tvoria stale viacej
  • vysoka t varu: - treba vela energie na roztrhnutie vod. mostikov
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3
Q

chemicke vlastnosti

A
  • dobre rozpustadlo ionovych zlucenin
  • neutralne pH- v kazdom litri vody je 10 na -7 (OH)- a 10 na -7 (H3O)+
  • pH= zaporne vzaty logarytmus molarnej koncentracie oxionovych kationov H3O+ v roztoku
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4
Q

reakcie s oxidmi s p a d prvkov

A
  • H2O+ SO3 (p)= H2SO4
  • H2O+CaO (s)= CaOH2
  • H2O+ZnO (d)= Zn2+ + H2O2
  • ZnO= amorfny oxid- vie davat soli kyselin a vie reagovat aj s hydroxidmi, v roztoku s nimi dava komplexnu zluceninu= tetrahydroxozinocnan sodny
  • moze byt aj kation aj sucastou anionu
  • H2O hydralizuje soli
  • hydrogen uhlicitan vapenaty a horecnaty sa daju odstranit z H2O varom- prechodna tvrdost vody
  • siran vapenaty, siran horecnaty a uhlicitam vapenaty= trvala tvrdost vody
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5
Q

O

A
  • ma 2 vazbove elektrony (aj pri H2O2- ma stale 2 vazby H-O-H-O)
  • tvori polarne kov. a ionove vazby s S prvkami
  • tvori polarne kov. vazby s p prvkami
  • je silno elektronegativny- bude vo vazbach anion
  • tvori kov. polarne vazby (H2O), nepolarne kov, vazby (O2-nasobna vazba), vodikove, ionove
  • v redoxnych reakciach redukuje-sposobuje oxidaciu
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6
Q

priprava v labaku

A
  • H2O2+MnO2(katalyzator)= H2)+O2-do skumavky dame tlejucu spajlu aby sme dokazali O2
  • rozklad peroxidu vodika
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7
Q

vyroba

A
  • destilacia kvapalneho vzduchu

- elektrolyza vody

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8
Q

pouzitie

A
  • hutnictvo

- ozon O3

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9
Q

zluceniny

A
  • ionove, kovaletne, molekulove (CO), atomove (SiO2, H2O3)
  • oxidy: -kyselinotvorne
    - zasadotvorne
    - amfoterne
    - netecne
  • bazicita oxidov vzrasta smerom zdola hore
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10
Q

znecistovanie, skodlive pre cloveka

A
  • oxidy siry tvoria kysle dazde
  • CO
  • oxid dusnaty
  • uhlovodiky
  • freony
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11
Q

Sira

A
  • valencna sfera- 3s2 3p4
  • menej elektronegativna ako O
  • kladne oxidacne cislo voci O
  • vazby- kovalentne polarne aj nepolarne
  • vyskyt- v alotropickych modifikaciach- viacej atomov s sa viaze navzajom (napr. sira kosostvorcova)
  • amorfna sira vznika ked prudko ochladne kvapalnu siru
  • O je reaktivnejsi ako S lebo ma mensiu elektronegativitu
    -Fe+S= Fe2+ +S-2 - S je oxidacnym cinidlom
  • H2O ma pevnejsie (polarnejsie) vazby + za rovnakych podmienok je H2S (g) a H2O (l) kvoli vod. mostikom v H2O
    H2O a H2S= kyselina sulfanova- jej soli su stale vytvaraju zrazeniny
  • sulfid mednaty (cierny), sulfid manganaty (pletovy), sulfid kademnaty (zlty), sulfid stieborny (cierny)
  • pouzivaju sa v analytickej chemi
    -oxid siricity- jedovaty
    -oxid sirovy- reaguje velmi rychlo s H2O, ma redukcne ucinky
  • H2SO4 dehydratuje
  • zriedena H2SO4 ma mensie oxidacne ucinky a reaguje s neuslachtilymi kovmi
    -H2SO4+Fe= FeSO4+H2O
    -tvori soli a halogeny
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