nytt som jag borde kunna

Question 1

What are the 3 Stages of adulthood and what år gäller det?

Answer 1

Early adulthood:
18/19-40 years

Middle adulthood
(40 – 60/65 years)

Late adulthood
(65+)

Question 2

Why are there not as many milestone in adulthood stages?

Answer 2

In adulthood you’re affected more socially then biologilly so therefor its easier to see patterns of what will happen and happening and not specific behavior.

Question 3

What are the things that decreases when you get old?

Answer 3

All the changes are usually smooth , slow and steady and you dont notice the pga av det.

muscle strength reduce by 10%
Senses decline from year 20

health decline från middle adulthood and is noticeable in late adulthood.

brain neurons decrees by 2 % every year

Question 4

Name the five satges of Schaie’s theory of cognitive development

Answer 4

Acquisitive stage 
Achieving stage 
Responsible stage 
Executive stage 
Reintegrative stage

Question 5

Acquisitive stage is?

Answer 5

(childhood & adolescence): information and skills are learnt for their own sake,

Question 6

Achieving stage

Answer 6

(late teens-early 20/30s):

use what they know to become competent and independent

Question 7

Responsible stage

Answer 7

late 30s-early 60s): concerned with long range goals and practical real-life problems, not how to use all their knowledge but to use it to reach their own goals

Question 8

Executive stage

Answer 8

(30/40s through middle age): take responsibility for social systems. Try and address social issues, e.g. take part in demonstrations, try to understand how the government works

Question 9

Reintegrative stage

Answer 9

(late adulthood): focus on purpose of what they do, on why they should learn that

Question 10

Which memory declines first ?

Answer 10

Episodic memory:

one of the first to begin showing signs of aging related decline but with moderators

Question 11

What is Baltes’ gain/loss perspective:

Answer 11

A loss in a particular area does not lead to loss in overall function. It might free up space and energy for other resources and that might improve the functionality

Question 12

Intimacy vs isolation

Answer 12

young adulthood – they have to deal with intimate close relationships.

How much they are going to stick to their own identity (isolated) or open up to the other person (intimacy)

Question 13

Generativity vs stagnation

Answer 13

middle adulthood – how are they going to continue their ideas and ways of life when they are no longer there. Focus on childrearing

Question 14

Integrity vs despair

Answer 14

late adulthood –

where they look at what has happened in their life, succesfull/not?

What could I have done differently?

Challenge to overcome despair and coming to peace with past decisions

Question 15

Erikson’s theory stage theory is about?

Answer 15

Ego evolves through the resolution of a crisis at each stage

So for every stage gives you a crises so you can evolve

Question 16

is it better to be on your own that stay in a negative relation?

Answer 16

YES
It is the quality of the relations that are important
the negative effects of negative social relations is greater than the positive effects from positive social relations.

Question 17

Name two theorys why aging happens?

Answer 17

Wear and tear theory/damage-based theory: aging is a consequence of the body getting worn down due to use, accidents, poor nutrition or inefficient repair mechanisms

Preprogrammed/genetic theory the rate of physical aging is genetically determined- you are going to age it does not matter how well you take care of yourself

Question 18

Kubler Ross’s stages of dying:

Answer 18

At least two of the stages are experienced by all:

• Denial
• Anger
• Bargaining
• Depression
• Acceptance

Question 19

Successful aging

namne the two aging theorys

Answer 19

Disengagement theory: successful aging involves a gradual retreat and withdrawal from many activities. To decide when it is time to focus on themselves as individual. This is why we have retirement, extra benefits for elderly etc.

Activity theory: successful aging involves maintaining interest in activities in late adulthood. Doing things you are still capable of doing

Question 20

Buss and Plomin’s model

namne the four

Answer 20

Emotionality: the tendency to react with emotional response

Activity: the extent to which the child prefers activity

Sociability: prefer to be with others rather than alone

Impulsivity: act without thinking about the consequences ( cant be used on small children pga behöver cognitiv development)

Question 21

Easy temperament:

Answer 21

the child quickly establishes regular routines, is generally good natured and adapts easily (40% of NYLS sample, they thought this was applicable to the population)

Question 22

Slow to warm up temperament:

Answer 22

the child in inactive and moody and displays mild passive resistance to new routines and experiences, the intensity is not high

Question 23

The remaining children

Answer 23

unique patterns of temperamental attributes (35%)

Question 24

Slow to warm up children have problem with?

Answer 24

adjustment issues as they are ignored and neglected by peers, hard to form new friendships and belong to a group

Question 25

Rothbart’s model of temperament focuses on?

Answer 25

Reactivity (the extent to which a person is likely to respond to a stimuli)

Ability to modulate rectivity (is assessed by time taken to return to homeostasis)

Question 26

Rothbart’s model of temperamen had six dimensions which?

Answer 26

o Fearful distress

o Irritable distress

o Positive affect

o Activity level

oAttention span/persistence

o Effortful control

Question 27

Saliva concentration of the stress hormone cortisol is higher in ?

Answer 27

shy children

Question 28

Goodness of fit model

Answer 28

Every child has the equal chance to develop if the environment is adapted to the child’s own needs. Parenting styles need to recognize and match with the child’s temperament. Both difficult and slow to warm up children benefit from warm, accepting parenting that makes firm but reasonable demands for mastering new experiences

Question 29

Language-making capacity (LMC)

Answer 29

children do not start with innate knowledge but have a set of procedures for analyzing the language they hear that supports the discovery of grammatical regularities

Question 30

Behaviorist Perspective: language

Answer 30

Environmental influences
Imitation combines with reinforcement to promote language development. The young children copy their parents and how they speak.

Question 31

Milestones of language development

Answer 31

Birth - crying

1-2 months -cooing begins

6 months- babbling begins

8-12 months -use of gestures (showing and pointing), comprehension of words appears

10-15 months - first word spoken

18 months - vocabulary spurts start

18-24 months - use of two-word utterances; rapid expansion of understanding of words (adding 20-30 new words every week)

Question 32

Are milestones are similar across countries and cultures?

Answer 32

Milestones are similar across countries and cultures, but there is always individual differences

Question 33

Children’s first spoken words usually refer to?

Answer 33

important people, objects that move, familiar actions or outcomes of familiar actions

Question 34

Underextension

Answer 34

only applying a word to a specific object, e.g “car” for the child only refers to daddy’s car. All other vehicles are not cars to the child

Question 35

Overextention

Answer 35

a word the child applies to many things, e.g. when the child uses the word “dog” to refer to anything that has four legs and is furry.

Question 36

Holophrases

Answer 36

a single word, that has a lot of different meanings depending on situation e.g. “mama” can mean “you are mamma”, “come here mama” etc.

Question 37

Telegraphic speech

Answer 37

less important words like ”here”, “the” and “to” etc., is left out of the sentences. Instead the child says; “daddy come”, “more juice”

Question 38

Mean length of utterance (MLU)

Answer 38

Morpheme = Minimal meaningful unit in language.

Question 39

Name the three Gesture of speech

Answer 39

Convential gestures

(16 months ) – can be used without language. Culturally meaningful, e.g. waving goodbye

Deictic gestures

(9 months) – indication of a specific instance of an object, e.g. pointing

Iconic gestures

(2 years) – representing something e.g. walking with fingers

Question 40

Wernicke’s area:

Answer 40

processes auditory input for language and important to the understanding of speech

Question 41

Broca’s area:

Answer 41

controls production of speech; lies near motor area that controls mouth and tongue movements

Question 42

High- vs low-Power distance

Answer 42

the extent to which the members of a society accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. E.g. how much power the parent have over the adolescence

Question 43

Long term orientation:

Answer 43

what is the extent to which the society is willing to give up short term award in turn for long term benefits

Question 44

Females rate them self higher in one domine what?

Answer 44

Conduct ( hur man beter sig )

Question 45

Vulnerability model

Answer 45

low self-esteem is a risk factor for future depression

Question 46

Scar model

Answer 46

low self-esteem is an outcome of depression

Question 47

identity confusion erikson

Answer 47

Those who fail to achieve a secure identity are faced with identity confusion

Question 48

Baumrind theory is based on two dimensions?

Answer 48

responsiveness (support, love nurturance)

demands (behavioral control)

Question 49

Sibling deidentification

Answer 49

Siblings seek distinct domains and carve out separate identities

Less direct competition and rivalry

Question 50

Reactive aggression

Answer 50

Response to threat, perceived provocation

High rates of angry reactivity and low frustration tolerance

Question 51

Proactive aggression

Answer 51

Threat, provocation.
They want to achieve a specific goal

Low fearfulness and behavioral inhibition

Question 52

Physical aggression

Answer 52

often physical evidence scars, wounds

Acts designed to injure another person

More commonly found with males

Question 53

Verbal aggression

Answer 53

Obvious and hidden verbal acts of aggression, e.g. name calling

Question 54

Relational aggression

Answer 54

An indirect or direct, but non-physical method of aggression

not always so straightforward

Found in females, and more common during adolescence

E.g. spreading rumors, passing nasty notes, silent treatment, threatening to end a friendship, getting friends to exclude someone you are mad at, talking behind other’s back

Question 55

Overt aggression

Answer 55

Obvious, deliberate acts of aggression

physical, verbal

Question 56

Covert aggression

Answer 56

Hidden acts of aggression, e.g. exclusion