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RITE Exam > NYKN > Flashcards

NYKN Flashcards

1
Q

Orbitofrontal syndrome

A

Socially inappropriate behavior, echopraxia, utilization behaviour (reaching out and using stuff that’s not yours)

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2
Q

Orbitofrontal area function

A

Voluntary action, decision making, socially appropriate behavior

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3
Q

Dorsolateral frontal/convexity syndrome

A

Poor attention, motor programming, and immediate recall.

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4
Q

Test for dorsolateral abnormalities

A

Wisconsin card sorting test

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5
Q

Function of dorsolateral frontal area

A

Involved with executive functions, working memory, and selective attention.

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6
Q

Medial frontal cortex function

A

mediates motivated behavior, such as initiation of movement or speech.

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7
Q

Medial frontal cortex syndrome

A

Amotivation, apathy, and akinesis. Akinetic mutism can be seen in bilateral lesions.
Patients can be incontinent and only eat or drink when fed.

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8
Q

Broca’s aphasia location

A

Posterior inferior frontal gurus

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9
Q

Kluver Bucy syndrome

A

Lesion: Bilateral temporal lesions involving the amygdala.
Exam: Hypermetamorphosis (urge to touch everything), compulsive eating, and hypersexuality.

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10
Q

Prosopagnosia or visual for agnosia

A

Failure to identify objects and faces by visual identification.
Note: may be able to do so by voice.

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11
Q

Capgras delusion

A

Lesion: Fusiform gyrus; occipito-temporal cortex.
Exam: Variant of prosopagnosia in which the patient believes that a friend, spouse, or a close family member has been replaced by an impostor.

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12
Q

Apperceptive prosopagnosia

A

Lesion: right occipital-temporal area
Exam: Impaired object recognition. They are unable to recognize faces. However, they may be able to recognize people based on non-face clues (i.e. clothing, skin color, or voice).

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13
Q

Associative prosopagnosia

A

Lesion: Right anterior temporal area, more often bilateral.
Exam: Impaired object identification. Can copy images but not able to identify an image.

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14
Q

Wernickes aphasia location

A

Lesion: Superior temporal gyrus.

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15
Q

Gerstmann’s syndrome area

A

Lesion: Dominant inferior parietal lobe, AKA dominant angular and supramarginal gyrus of the parietal lobe.

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16
Q

Gerstmann’s syndrome exam

A

Exam: agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and left/right confusion

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17
Q

What to expect with a lesion to the non dominant parietal lobe

A

Exam:
Anosognosia (unaware of deficit or illness)
Sensory or receptive aprosodia (Impaired ability to perceive emotions in others)
Hemineglect
Dressing apraxia

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18
Q

Balint’ syndrome location

A

bilateral parietal-occipital lobes

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19
Q

Balint’s syndrome exam

A

Exam: (triad)
Optic ataxia: the inability to move the hand properly to perform voluntary tasks. Visually-guided hand movements are impaired.
Oculomotor apraxia: the inability to voluntarily fixate eyes to specific locations.
Simultagnosia: the inability to focus on multiple objects.

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20
Q

Pathophysiology of Balint’s syndrome

A

Watershed infarcts, multiple embolic strokes, or PRES.

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21
Q

Anton syndrome

A 
Cortical blindness (the patient has true blindness, but they deny the presence of this blindness).
Patients will often confabulate in response. For example, if asked to identify the color of something, rather than saying “I can’t see,” they may say “It’s blue.”
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22
Q

Anton syndrome location

A

Bilateral posterior cerebral artery territory infarction. Can also be seen with PRES.

23
Q

Achromatopsia

A

Lesion: Inferior lip of the occipital lobe, often bilateral.
Could also present from a lesion to the thalamus.
Exam: Colorblindness

24
Q

Lesion to the anterior cingulate cortex

A

Apathy

Bilateral: akinesis and mutism

25
Q

Alexia without agraphia lesion

A

Lesion: Splenium of the corpus callosum and unilateral occipital lobe.

26
Q

Alexia without agraphia

A

Exam: Inability to read, but with retained ability to write.

Can be seen after a unilateral posterior cerebral artery stroke.

27
Q

Limb kinetic apraxia

A

Inability to perform tasks when asked (i.e. unable to brush hair when given a brush).

28
Q

Location for limb kinetic apraxia

A

Anterior corpus collosum

29
Q

Charles Bonnet Syndrome

A

Seen in patients who have severe vision loss secondary to a variety of pathologies (stroke, macular degeneration, etc.)
Exam: Complex visual hallucinations without other psychopathology, and with the self-awareness that the hallucinations are not real.

30
Q

Geschwind syndrome

A

controversial disorder thought to occur in some patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.
Some researchers question whether it actually exists.
Presents as a personality syndrome with hypergraphia (compulsive writing), hyper-religiosity, and atypical sexuality (usually hyposexuality).

31
Q

Alien hand syndrome locations

A

Frontal Variant:
Dominant hemisphere lesion of the supplementary motor area or medial prefrontal cortex.
Presents with the right hand impulsively grabbing, groping, and manipulating objects. Also can have utilization behavior.
Usually follows an ACA stroke

Callosal Variant:
Commonly due to callosal hemorrhage, demyelination, or surgery.
Often has “intermanual conflict” (antagonizing movements of the two hands).
Often there are other disconnection symptoms present like apraxia, agraphia, or alexia.

Posterior variant:
Secondary to a non-dominant parietal lobe (posterior postcentral gyrus) lesion.
Associated with a strong feeling of estrangement from the affected limb, and abnormal posturing as well as “levitation” of the limb.
This variant is the one most commonly caused by corticobasal degeneration, Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, or stroke.

32
Q

Pupil size in serotonin syndrome

A

Dilated

33
Q

Reflexes in serotonin syndrome vs neuroleptic malignant

A

Serotonin - hyper

Neuroleptic - hypo

34
Q

Anti GQ1b associated with what syndrome

A

Miller Fisher

35
Q

Treatment for acute dystonia

A

Benadryl and benztropine

36
Q

Neuropathy associated with metals/minerals

A

Copper deficiency and zinc toxicity

37
Q

Brain tumor associated with IDH mutation of 1p/19q co-deletion

A

Central neurocytoma

38
Q

Treatment of cerebral aspergillosis

A

Voriconizole

39
Q

GBA gene associated with Gaucher’s disease is also associated with

A

Parkinson’s

40
Q

HTT gene

A

Huntington’s

41
Q

APP, APOE, PSEN1 and 2 associated with

A

Alzheimer’s

42
Q

SNCA or COQ2 associated with

A

MSA

43
Q

SNM1 SNM2 associated with

A

Spinal muscle atrophy

44
Q

ATP7B and PRNP associated with

A

Wilson’s disease

45
Q

Posterior limb of the internal capsule supplied by which artery

A

Anterior choroidal

46
Q

Anterior limb of internal capsule supplied by

A

ACA via the recurrent artery of Huebner

47
Q

Nerve roots effected by the cauda equine

A

L3-S5

48
Q

Patellar reflex

A

L3/L4

49
Q

Branch of the PCA that causes pure sensory stroke

A

Thalamo geniculate artery

50
Q

Anatomical variant of thalamo-geniculate artery

A

Artery of Percheron

51
Q

Nucleus ambiguous location

A

Ventrolateral medulla

52
Q

Injury to the nucleus ambiguous

A

Dysphaghia, decreased gag reflex, hoarseness

53
Q

Child with progressive hemiparesis and focal seizures

A

Rasmussen’s encephalitis

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