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bio II > NYA review + biomolecules > Flashcards

NYA review + biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

properties of life (7)

A
  1. Cellular
  2. Ordered
  3. Sensitivity (responds to environment)
  4. Growth, Development, and Reproduction
  5. Energy utilization
  6. Homeostasis
  7. Evolutionary adaptation
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2
Q

Cell types (2) + differences + domains

A

1) Prokaryotic cells: no nucleus (has a nucleoid); Archaea and Bacteria
2) Eukaryotic cells: nucleus, complex + compartmentalized; Eukarya

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3
Q

Cell structure

cell membrane; fluid mosaic model; regulates what passes into and out of the cell; (all cells)

A

Plasma membrane

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4
Q 
Cell structure
contains chromosomes (genetic information); is surrounded by a double membrane; instructions for protein synthesis  and cell reproduction; (eukarya **not archaea or bacteria)
A

Nucleus

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5
Q

Cell structure
long threads of DNA that form a complex with protein; contain hereditary information used to direct the synthesis of proteins; (circular in archaea and bacteria)

A

Chromosomes

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6
Q

Cell structure

sites of genes for RNA synthesis + ribosome assembly

A

Nucleolus

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7
Q

Cell structure

sites of protein synthesis; assemblies of protein and RNA

A

Ribosomes

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8
Q

Cell structure

finishes/folds proteins for insertion into membranes or export from cell

A

rER

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9
Q

Cell structure

detoxifies; processes/makes large molecules that are not proteins (i.e. steroids)

A

sER

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10
Q 
Cell structure
packages proteins (from ER) for export from cell; forms secretory vesicles
A

Golgi

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11
Q

Cell structure

contains digestive enzymes and acids to break down old organelles, food particles, bacteria, etc

A

Lysosomes

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12
Q

Cell structure

“power plants” of the cell; produces ATP from simple sugars; sites of oxidative metabolism

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

Cell structure

carries out photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

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14
Q

Cell structure

supports cell; gives it shape and movement

A

Cytoskeleton

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15
Q

Cell structure

3 types of cytoskeleton + function + examples for first 2

A

1) Actin filaments—cell shape + movement, ex: microvilli (increase SA:V)
2) Microtubules—movement, ex: cilia, flagella
3) Intermediate filaments—strength + scaffolding

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16
Q

Cell structure

protection + support; made of cellulose, chitin, or peptidoglycan; (not in animal cells)

A

Cell wall

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17
Q

Cell structure

fluid part of the cytoplasm

A

Cytosol

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18
Q

Cell structure

inside of mitochondrion

A

Matrix

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19
Q

Cell structure

the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

A

Cristae

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20
Q

Cell structure

made of 2 centrioles; (not in plant cell)

A

Centrosome

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21
Q

Cell structure

generate microtubules

A

Centrioles

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22
Q

Cell structure

neutralises free radicals

A

Peroxisome

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23
Q

Cell structure

exerts turgor pressure; (plant cells)

A

Central vacuole

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24
Q

Emergent (novelle) properties

A

the whole is greater than the sum of the parts

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25
Q

Functional groups

OH

A

hydroxyl

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26
Q

Functional groups

C=O

27
Q

Functional groups

COOH

28
Q

Functional groups

NH2

29
Q

Functional groups

SH

A

Sulfhydryl

30
Q

Functional groups

PO4^(-2)

31
Q

Functional groups

CH3

32
Q

Properties of water (5)

A
  1. Cohesion + Adhesion
  2. High specific heat
  3. High heat of vaporization
  4. Lower density of ice
  5. Solubility
33
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

REMOVES water from reactants; builds molecules

34
Q

Hydrolysis

A

ADDS water across bonds

35
Q

Metabolism = ? + ?

A

Catabolism (molecules are broken down) + Anabolism (molecules are built up)
energy is released energy is absorbed

36
Q

Macromolecules (4)

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • nucleic acid
  • proteins
37
Q

Macromolecules

monomer of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

38
Q

Macromolecules

polymer of carbohydrates

A

polysaccharides

39
Q

Macromolecules

carbohydrates bond involved

A

glycosidic bond

40
Q 
Macromolecules
carbohydrates types (4)
A

monosaccharide (1)
disaccharide (2)
oligosaccharide (<15)
polysaccharide (lots)

41
Q 
Macromolecules
carbohydrates functions (2)
A
  • energy source

- short-term storage

42
Q

Macromolecules

lipids bond involved

A

ester linkage

43
Q 
Macromolecules
lipids types (3)
A
  • triglyceride
  • phospholipid
  • steroids
44
Q 
Macromolecules
lipids functions (3)
A
  • thermal insulation
  • long-term storage
  • membrane structure
45
Q

Macromolecules

monomer of nucleic acid

A

nucleotide

46
Q

Macromolecules

polymer of nucleic acid

A

polynucleotide strand

47
Q

Macromolecules

nucleic acid bond involved

A

phosphodiester bond

48
Q

Macromolecules

nucleic acid types (2)

49
Q

Macromolecules

nucleic acid functions (2)

A
  • holds the genetic code

- synthesizes protein

50
Q

Macromolecules

monomer of protein

A

amino acid

51
Q

Macromolecules

polymer of protein

A

polypeptide

52
Q

Macromolecules

protein bond involved

A

peptide bond

53
Q 
Macromolecules
protein types (2)
A
  • fibrous

- globular

54
Q 
Macromolecules
protein function (7) + examples
A

1) Enzyme/catalyst—Lactase
2) Cell identity/defence—Antibodies
3) Transport—Hemoglobin
4) Movement—Actin
5) Structure—Keratin
6) Storage—Albumin
7) Regulation—Insulin

55
Q

Protein synthesis steps

A

DNA—transcription—>RNA—translation—>protein—7 functions

56
Q

Amino acids # and categories of R groups (4)

A

20 amino acids

groups:

  • non-polar (CH3, rings)
  • polar (OH, =O)
  • electrically charged (acidic or basic)
  • special cases (terminal SH)
57
Q

Amino acid generalized structure

A 
.              H
amino     |    carboxyl
H2N——C—COOH          < backbone
               | 
.              R                        < side chain
58
Q

Structural levels

Primary (bond + location + process)

A

Peptide bonds form through dehydration synthesis in the backbone atoms (between amino acids)

59
Q

Structural levels

Secondary (bond + location + types)

A

Backbone atoms fold along part of a single polypeptide forming an alpha-helix or a beta-pleated sheet
H-bonds form between amino acids at different (O or carboxyl and H of amino)

60
Q

Structural levels

Tertiary (location + bonds (4) + groups in bonds)

A

Folding of one polypeptide due to bonding between functional (R) groups on the side chains of each amino acid in the backbone chain

Bonds:

  • hydrophobic interactions/Van der Waals interactions (non-polar groups)
  • hydrogen bonds (polar groups)
  • ionic bonds (electrically charged groups)
  • disulfide bridge (terminal SH)
61
Q

Structural levels

Quaternary (location + bonds (4) + groups in bonds + forms)

A

Union of 2 or more polypeptides by the R-groups on opposing chains

Bonds:

  • hydrophobic interactions/Van der Waals interactions (non-polar groups)
  • hydrogen bonds (polar groups)
  • ionic bonds (electrically charged groups)
  • disulfide bridge (terminal SH)

Forms:

  • fibrous—tends to be structural protein; 3 polypeptides, used for strength
  • globular—all others; 4 polypeptides
62
Q

Structural characteristics

motifs

A

common elements of repeating secondary structure

63
Q

Structural characteristics

domains

A

characteristic functional units within a larger structure (like pieces of an engine)

bio II (1 decks)

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