NY Practice Flashcards

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1
Q

PERSONAL JURISDICTION:
What can be the basis for Specific Personal Jurisdiction?

A
  • D is nondomiciliary subject to long arm statute (served anywhere) and jurisdiction would not offend Due Process
  • D is a nondomiciliary driver or car owner (served via NY Sec. of State & certified mail)
  • D consents
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2
Q

PERSONAL JURISDICTION:
What can be the basis of general personal jurisdiction?

A

 D is individual physically present in NY when served w/ process

 D is “doing business” in NY (served anywhere)

 D is NY domiciliary (served anywhere)

➩ does not matter where claim arose

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3
Q

DOMICILE:
What is the difference between domicile & residence?

A
  • Domicile: intends to remain indefinitely & treated as principal home (only 1)
  • Residence: place person lives for fair amount of time w/ some degree of permanency (multiple possible)
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4
Q

“DOING BUSINESS”:
What qualifies as “doing business” in NY?

A
  • Domestic corp. or foreign corp. licensed in state – any claim whatsoever can be brought in NY
  • Unlicensed foreign corp. – at the time action commenced corp.’s employees or agents are in NY engaged in business activity for the corp. on a continuous, regular & systematic basis (must maintain an office/other facility continuously staffed by 1+ employees)
    • form of presence so claim need not arise from NY business
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5
Q

PERSONAL JURISDICTION:
What are the 5 long-arm categories?

A

5 Long-Arm Categories:

  • business transaction in NY
  • contracts to supply goods or services in NY
    • must be economically significant
  • tortious act in NY
  • tortious act outside NY, causing injury inside NY, if D has add’l ties w/ NY:
    • regularly solicits business;
    • substantial revenue from goods or services used or consumed; or
    • D expects or should reasonably expect the act to have consequences in NY and derives substantial revenue from interstate or int’l commerce (must purposefully include NY)
  • D’s ownership, use or possession of real property in NY
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6
Q

PERSONAL JURISDICTION:
What is the method for serving process outside of NY?

A

Same method for serving process in and out of NY

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7
Q

PERSONAL JURISDICTION:
Can decendent’s estate be served outside of NY?

A

Yes, if ∆ dies, decedent’s estate rep can be served outside NY

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8
Q

PERSONAL JURISDICTION:
Does vicarious liability apply?

A

Yes, vicarious liability applies (i.e. agents & employer can be liable)

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9
Q

PERSONAL JURISDICTION:
What does it cover?

A

Covers all types of Ds

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10
Q

PERSONAL JURISDICTION:
WHEN IS DUE PROCESS SATISFIED?

A

For long arm jurisdiction, due process is satisfied if:

 the P’s claim arises out of conduct by D that is so purposefully directed toward NY that the D should reasonably anticipate being sued in NY.

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11
Q

PERSONAL JURISDICTION:
APPROACH TO AN ESSAY QUESTION.

A

PJ Essay Question Approach:

  • o 1st – discuss if P can estab. general personal jurisdiction
  • o 2nd – discuss where facts of P’s case fall w/in 1 or more of the long-arm categories.
  • o 3rd – briefly discuss whether assertion of jurisdiction would satisfy due process
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12
Q

PERSONAL JURISDICTION:
What is consent?

A

 Voluntarily appearing in court, OR
 When parties to a contract consent in advance (usually in “forum selection clause”) to personal jurisdiction in NY.

• Enforceable unless fraud, overreaching or unreasonableness.

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13
Q

PERSONAL JURISDICTION:
What is the non-resident motorist statute?

A

 personal jurisdiction over nondomiciliary motorist’s ownership or use of a car on a NY roadway

Service of process – personally serve 1 copy on NY Sec. of State PLUS mail 2nd copy by certified mail to D

➩ must have permission from owner

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14
Q

MATRIMONIAL JURISDICTION:
How can a resident P gain personal jurisdiction over D in a matrimonial action?

A

When P-spouse is a resident of NY, long-arm jurisdiction can be acquired over D-spouse for Monetary Support(maintenance) if:

 D is served in NY
 D is NY domiciliary (served anywhere)
 was their matrimonial domicile before separation
 D abandoned P in NY
 D owed P money under an agrmt executed in NY (e.g. separation agrmt)
 D owed P money “under the laws of NY”

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15
Q

MATRIMONIAL LONG-ARM:
What is necessary for a valid basis of jurisdiction in a matrimonial action?

A

 Must be in Supreme Court

 P must be a domiciliary (means marital status is located in NY & gives court in rem jurisdiction)

 Do not need personal jurisdiction unless P is seeking monetary support.

 Compliance w/ Durational Residency Requirements

 Serve process personally; all other methods require ct. order.

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16
Q

MATRIMONIAL “JURISDICTION”:
Durational Residency Requirements Generally.

A

 Part of the substance of a matrimonial action – NOT an element of the court’s jurisdiction.
Purpose – ensure NY has sufficient interest to adjudicate the marital status of the spouses.

 Must allege & prove in complaint.

o If P fails to allege & prove in complaint, the proper defense is failure to state a cause of action (not lack of jurisdiction b/c this is substantive).

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17
Q

MATRIMONIAL “JURISDICTION”
What are the Durational Residency Requirements.

A

P’s complaint must allege satisfaction of:
BOTH parties are (i) NY RESIDENTS (ii) At The **TIME **the (iii) Action is Commenced, AND the (iv) GROUNDS for the action (v) Arose in NY.

EITHER party is a resident of NY for 1 year or more immediately prior to the action AND NY has a PRIOR LINK to the marriage. (e.g. married in NY, NY was matrimonial domicile, grounds for action arose in NY)

EITHER party has been a NY resident for a continuous period of at least 2 years immediately prior to action.

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18
Q

VENUE
What is proper venue?

A

 Action affecting title/possession to real property – county where Real Property located

 Any other action – county of residency of one of the parties at time action is commenced

 If neither party resides in NY – any county

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19
Q

VENUE
How is venue determined?

A
  • _P choose_s venue & specifies it in summons.
  • If venue is improper, D must serve a demand w/ or before the answer on P.
    • If P concedes: automatic change
    • P objects or fails to respond:
      • D must move for Change of Venue –
      • Must be granted as a matter of rt. (1) if P chose improper venue & (2) D chose proper venue.
  • EITHER party, by motion, may request change of venue to a county most convenient for Ws
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20
Q

ANSWER
What should be in the answer?

A
  • Denials of allegations (failure to deny is an admission)
  • Affirmative defenses (failure to raise is a waiver)
  • Can also include counterclaims or cross claims.
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21
Q

MOTION TO DISMISS
What are additional affirmative defenses that may be included?

A

SPARE RIBS

  • Statute of Limitations
  • Payment (debt has been paid)
  • Arbitration award
  • Res judicata
  • Estoppel (collateral)
  • Release (D signed one before)
  • Infancy of D (K defense)
  • Bankruptcy discharge
  • Statute of Frauds
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22
Q

MOTION TO DISMISS
What are affirmative defenses that may be included?

A

DOWNFALL

  • Documentary evidence (e.g. mortgage, deed of trust)
  • Other pending action (same parties, same COA)
  • Want of capacity
  • Non-joinder of nec. party (joint owners)
  • Failure to state a COA (substantive)
  • Add’l Affirmative Defenses
  • Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction
  • Lack of Personal Jurisdiction
    • commencement defects
    • improper service
    • lack of basic jurisdiction
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23
Q

MOTION TO DISMISS
Timing & Procedural Aspects?

A
  • May only make 1 pre-Answer MTD.
  • Must make before service of Answer.
  • W/t same time constraints governing Answer.
  • Motion denied → must serve Answer w/in 10 days.
  • MTD on any grounds does not preclude raising other 3211 grounds in Answer EXCEPT lack of personal jurisdiction.

Note: always RAISE lack of personal jurisdiction** IN** the First Reply or–> it’s Waived.

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24
Q

MOTION TO DISMISS
What is the standard used for failure to state a cause of action?

A

Standard for Failure to State a Cause of Action:

 “The P is entitled to every favorable inference that can be drawn from the allegations of the complaint and therefore this motion must be denied if there is any basis for relief under the substantive law.”

➩ TIP – when discussing whether a Motion to Dismiss should be granted for this reason, make sure to talk about the substantive law too.

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25
Q

PERSONAL JURISDICTION
What are 3 defenses that are never waived?

A

Defenses that can be raised at Any Time:

Non-Joinder of a Necessary Party

Failure to State a COA

Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction

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26
Q

PERSONAL JURISDICTION
How can the D preserve the defense of lack of personal jurisdiction?

A

2 Ways:

  • affirmative defense in Motion to Dismiss
  • do not make a Motion to Dismiss on any ground and raise it as affirmative defense in the Answer
    • AND, if the lack of PJ defense is based on Improper Service of Process –
    • Make a follow-up motion for summary judgment on that ground w/in 60 Days after serving the answer (or it is waived)
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27
Q

AMENDMENTS TO PLEADINGS
Party Rights? Time Limit? Inclusion of Defenses?

A
  • Each party can amend 1 time, as a Matter of Right.
  • Time limit – w/in 20 days of service of Answer.
  • Can put anything that could have been put in the original.
    • This means D can assert lack of personal jurisdiction in the Amended Complaint (as long as he did not make a Motion to Dismiss before).
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28
Q

SUMMONS WITH NOTICE
How does D respond to summons w/ notice?

A

D’s goals are to avoid default & force P to serve the complaint so…

 Serve a demand for the Complaint, or
 Serve a notice of appearance
• Same time constraints as serving Answer
 P must then serve the complaint w/in 20 days
 D then must serve the Answer or MTD w/in 20 days (can still object to PJ)
 If P does not serve the Complaint w/in the 20 days, D can move for dismissal on the basis of noncompliance (i.e. failure to prosecute the claim)
• To avoid dismissal, P would have to show there was reasonable excuse for the delay and make an evidentiary showing that there is merit to his claim in Affidavit of Merit.

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29
Q

IMPLEADER
Definition and Timing?

A
  • Procedural device used by D to join another party alleged to be liable in whole or in part to D for damages that D may have to pay P.
  • D may implead 3rd party any time AFTER D serves the Answer.
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30
Q

AMENDMENTS TO PLEADINGS
What is a Motion for Leave to Amend?

A

Either party can request the right to amend if:

 As a matter of right amendment has passed, or
 The party has already used his right to amend once
Standard: amendment allowed as long as n_o incurable prejudice_ to opponent

  • o To estab. prejudice – opponent has burden of showing that b/c of the delay in amending, the P has suffered a detrimental change in position (e.g. key W died, key docs destroyed)
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31
Q

IMPLEADER
What happens after a TPD is impleaded?

A

 TPD must serve an Answer on D, P & all other parties.

 After TPD joined, P can amend her complaint to assert complaints directly against TPD.

  • w/in 20 days – w/o judicial permission
  • after 20 days – needs permission

➩New claims by P “relate back” to date D filed impleader papers as long as based on same transaction or occurrence as D’s impleader claim

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32
Q

CONTRIBUTION
What is contribution & what is its purpose?

A

Contribution: the sharing or apportionment of loss among multiple tortfeasors (who are actually part of the tort or aggravated the damages).

Exceptions:

  • CPLR Article 16
  • MBE – not available when liability is based on an intentional tort

 Purpose – mitigate the harshness of joint & several liability

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33
Q

INDEMNITY
What is indemnity & how can it be asserted?

A

_Indemnity: _ Allows D to shift 100% of the responsibility or damages to another party.

Can be accomplished:

  • o By K (e.g. sub-contractor)
  • o Implied in Law
    • Products Liability – manufacturer must indemnify retailer
    • Vicarious liability – driver indemnifies owner of car

 Settlement does NOT extinguish claims for indemnity by or against a settling tortfeasor

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34
Q

CONTRIBUTION & INDEMNITY
How can D assert a claim of contribution or indemnity?

A

 Tortfeasors already co-Ds → Crossclaim

 Tortfeasors not part of suit → implead or sue in a separate action

➩ If D sues outside tortfeasors in a separate action, the findings of liability in the 1st action are not binding on 2nd action. Collateral estoppel & res judicata cannot be used against tortfeasors who were not joined as D’s in 1st action.

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35
Q

CONTRIBUTION
What is joint & several liability?

A

 Each tortfeasor is liable to P for the whole amount of damages regardless of the individual tortfeasor’s percentage of fault.

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36
Q

CONTRIBUTION
Comparative Degrees of Fault formula.

A

Comparative Degrees of Fault:

  • Each tortfeasor is liable for his actual fault.
  • Each D cannot be compelled to pay more than his own equitable share by another tortfeasor.
  • P can force one tortfeasor to pay the entire amount of damages if the others are insolvent.
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37
Q

CONTRIBUTION
Equal Shares Formula.

A

Equal Shares Formula (MINORITY VIEW):

  • All liable tortfeasors pay an equal share of the damages.

TIP: only on MBE – will say “in an equal share jurisdiction”

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38
Q

CONTRIBUTION
What is an exception to contribution?

A

Workers Compensation → may not sue employer if you are injured on the job.
 Injured P may sue other 3rd party tortfeasor, such as manufacturer of machine used, etc.
 D may not implead the employer for contribution UNLESS it was a grave injury.
Grave injury:

  • • Death
  • • Total loss of arm, leg. hand, foot, ear, nose, index finger
  • • Total loss of multiple fingers or toes
  • • Paraplegia, quadraplegia
  • • Total blindness or deafness
  • • Sever facial disfigurement
  • • Brain damage causing total disability
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39
Q

CONTRIBUTION
What is the liability of TPD who has no direct liability to Plaintiff?

A

 TPD who is not directly liable to P may still be liable to D.

Example: Manufacturer of smoke alarm, fire protection service. Fire protection service not liable to P b/c of clause in K but manufacturer-D can still implead him for aggravating the damages.

➩So contribution can be broader than liability.

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40
Q

CONTRIBUTION
Settlement with one Tortfeasor.

A

Rule: P’s pretrial settlement w/ 1 tortfeasor in partial satisfaction of the claim does not discharge P’s claim against other tortfeasors.

 Law prohibits excessive recovery so P can only collect up to total amount of damages.
 Any damages awarded must be reduced by the LARGER of:

  • • the amount of settlement, or
  • • the settling tortfeasor’s equitable share of fault
  • o E.g. P settles w/ A for $30k. P wins $100k in trial. Ct. says A 10% liable & B 90%. B only owes $70k. If A 40% liable, P could only collect $60k from B.

➩ Pre-trial settlement extinguishes claims by & against settling party.

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41
Q

CONTRIBUTION
Successive Tortfeasors.

A

Rule: tortfeasor is liable to P for all injuries that proximately flow from the accident but he may claim contribution from a successive tortfeasor.

 E.g. subsequent malpractice by a doctor who negligently treats P.

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42
Q

NY CPLR ARTICLE 16
What are the exclusions from Article 16?

A

Exceptions from Article 16 (i.e. tortfeasors always liable for J&S liability):

Intentional tortfeasors or those who act w/ reckless disregard.
o If multiple tortfeasors - only intentional ones are J&S liable.

 Tortfeasors who release hazardous substance into the environment.

Drivers & owners of cars except police or fire cars.

  • Note: police officer driving vehicle also gets benefit of Article 16
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43
Q

NY CPLR ART. 16
Rule and Treatment of Damages?

A

Rule: in a personal injury claim a joint tortfeasor whose fault is found to be 50% or less Cannot Be Required to Pay the P more than his equitable share of the P’s noneconomic damages.

  • Noneconomic damages – paint & suffering, mental anguish, loss of consortium, loss of companionship (but NOT wrongful death)
  • Economic damages – all tortfeasors are J&S liable for full judgment
    • e.g. medical expenses, lost income
    • Ex: P sues A & B. A = 60% liable & B = 40% liable. A is J&S liable for all of the damages but B is only liable up to $40k.

*

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44
Q

*MOTION PROCEDURE
Why is an order to show cause used instead of a notice of motion?

A

An order to show cause is an accelerated Motion on Notice.

  • accelerates the return date (used in exigent circumstances)
  • judge can grant an immediate stay of the proceedings or a temporary restraining order
  • statute which governs the particular motion may require it
    • can also be used in a special proceeding
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45
Q

*MOTION PROCEDURE
What is the process and what is required of each side? End Result?

A
  • Moving party serves Notice of Motion & supporting affidavits on other party
    • Tells opponent nature of motion & specifies return date/hearing date, which is day motion is presented to court
  • Opponent must get motion papers at least 8 days prior to the return date
  • Both sides file papers w/ court by return date
  • Court then makes a decision & issues an order
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46
Q

*MOTION PROCEDURE
Deciding Order

A

 Winning party serves a copy of the order on the losing party.

 Service gives effect to the order.

 Service starts the running of a 30-day time limit to appeal from the order.

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47
Q

*MOTION PROCEDURE
Order to Show Cause

A

 Moving party drafts order to show cause & submits it directly to the judge along w/ affidavits for the underlying motion.

 Judge sets the return date in the order & specify the method of service on the adversary (usually personal delivery).

Ex: Proposed order to show cause is signed by the judge on May 1, 2008, and it states, “Let D show cause on May 5, 2008 why an order should not be granted requiring D to produce docs x, y, & z.” After the order is signed, the order & the underlying motion papers are then served on the opponent. The opponent may then submit opposition papers on the return date.

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48
Q

*MOTION PROCEDURE
Ex parte.

A

Moving party goes straight to court & requests an order granting the relief sought.

 Need specific statutory authorization.

  • e.g. order for expedient service of process, P seeks extension of time to serve process

 No appeal may be taken from an ex parte order (but can make a motion on notice to vacate the ex parte order & if this is denied the aggrieved party can appeal from the denial).

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49
Q

*MOTION PROCEDURE
NY Rule on Appeals of Orders

A

 NY allows an immediate appeal of an order from the Supreme Court to the Appellate Division as a matter of right w/in 30 days of service of any order determining a motion on notice.

  • e.g. order denying change of venue or change of jurisdiction

MBE – CANNOT appeal immediate orders until final judgment entered

➩ NY bar loves this

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50
Q

MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
Evidence used to decide Motion for SJ.

A

 Moving party must submit evidence in the form of affidavits, relevant docs or discovery materials. Must come from party himself or W – personal knowledge.

 Opponent can defeat motion using same type of evidence to show material issue of triable fact exists.

 Opponent can also submit affidavit est. that he is not yet able, through no fault of his own, to produce opposing evidence. Court can grant a continuance (adjournment).

 Court “searches the record” (i.e. looks at all the evidence in the record).

  • “Boomerang Effect” – court can grant opposing party SJ even w/o a cross-claim
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51
Q

MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
Rule? Outcome? Time Limit?

A
  • Rule: party may show, before trial. that even thought the pleadings are sufficient on their face “there is no genuine issue of material fact requiring trial”
    • If motion is denied it means that triable issue of material fact exists EXCEPT if the only issue is as to damages, ct. can grant SJ on liability & then order an immediate trial on the issue of damages.
  • After Answer served, EITHER party can move for SJ w/ respect to any claim or defense asserted in the pleadings
  • Time limit: 120 days from the notice of issue (i.e. cases is marked on trial calendar) unless moving party shows “good cause.”
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52
Q

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
Provide what? Relation to Essays?

A
  • Provide P a measure of security pending the outcome of the case so that ultimately the judgment may be enforced.
  • TIP – type of action & grounds for using remedy tested
  • TIP – court order required so motion procedure pervades this area
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53
Q

MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
What are the exceptions to serving the Motion for SJ after the Answer?

A

Court converts Motion to Dismiss for failure to state a COA into Motion for SJ (this allows fro decision on basis of evidence instead of just on pleadings)

  • 2 Reqs – at least 1 party submitted factual affidavits & ct. gives notice to parties so they can submit add’l evidence

Motion for SJ in Lieu of Complaint

  • o Action on an instrument for the payment of money only – instrument must contain uncond’l promise to pay $$
    • very few docs count – e.g. promissory note
    • cannot use this for ordinary breach of K
  • o Action on an out-of-state judgment
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54
Q

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
Attachment - What it provides and Types?

A
  • Provides security for the enforcement of a money judgment.
  • Types of actions: P must be seeking money damages AND:
    • D is an unlicensed foreign corp. or a non-domiciliary of NY; or
    • D is about to conceal or remove assets from NY w/ the intent to defraud creditors or frustrate the enforcement of a judgment

➩okay to seek equity damages too, just must have $$

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55
Q

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
What are the 5 provisional remedies?

A

Provisional Remedies

 Attachment
 Preliminary Injunction
 Temporary Receivership
 Order to Seize to Chattel in an action to recover the chattel (replevin)
 Notice of Pendency (lis pendens)

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56
Q

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
ATTACHMENT Procedure

A

 P makes a motion for an order of attachment (can be on notice or ex parte).

 Affidavits in support must show one of the grounds for attachment (i.e. type of action) AND probability of success on the merits of the P’s underlying COA

 P must provide an undertaking (i.e. a bond) to indemnify the D for any damages or expenses caused by the attachment
• D would be entitled to damages if attachment improperly obtained or the D wins the case on the merits & the bond is there to pay damages

57
Q

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
ATTACHMENT Levies

A

 P gives order of attachment to sheriff who imposes lien, which stays until end of case.

 Levy on Real Property – sheriff files order of attachment w/. the county clerk in county where RP located

 Levy on personal property – sheriff delivers order of attachment to the person in NY who holds D’s personal property interest (D himself or garnishee)
• Garnishee – 3rd person who owes a debt to the D or has possession of the D’s tangible personal property (e.g. bank)
• Delivery automatically imposes lien on personal property & serves as an injunction against transfer of the property for the duration of the action.
• Personal property qualifying – tangible (car, boat) or intangible (e.g. debt owed to D – i.e. bank acct)

58
Q

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
Preliminarty Injunction.

A

Purpose: to maintain the status quo while action is pending

Types of actions: must be an EQUITY action where P’s complaint seeks either:
 permanent injunction, or
 if D threatens to harm the P’s interest in the subject matter of the action

➩Cannot be only for $$ - e.g. P sues D for $70k debt owed. Cannot get injunction to stop D from spending money.

59
Q

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
Additional requirements for ex parte motion for Attachment.

A

To satisfy due process:

 Must be a hearing promptly after the levy on D’s property to give the D opportunity to protest the attachment.

Caveat: After the sheriff levies on the property, the P must make a follow-up motion on notice to confirm the ex parte order. It is on that motion that there will be a prompt hearing.

  • • D unlicensed foreign corp. or non-domiciliary of NY – no later than 10 days after levy
  • • D fraudulently moving assets – no later than 5 days after levy

 If follow-up not w/in proper # of days then void.

60
Q

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
What is a Temporary Restraining Order (TRO)?

A

When a motion for preliminary injunction is not possible b/c action is not yet commenced and/or would take too long b/c 8 day notice requirement then to get IMMEDIATE INJUNCTIVE RELIEF:

 If there is a threat of immediate injury court may grant a TRO
 function is to maintain the status quo until the motion for preliminary injunction is decided
 can be granted ex parte if the P shows that giving prior notice of it to D would result in significant prejudice (e.g. he would run off or give the stock away)

61
Q

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
Preliminary Injunction Procedure.

A

 Motion must be made ON NOTICE.

 Can be served w/ or after the summons and any time up to final judgment.

Affidavits must show:

  • • grounds for equitable relief, including a threat of irreparable injury
  • • a probability of success on the merits of underlying COA

 Must provide indemnity.

62
Q

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
Process of Preliminary Injunction & TRO

A
  • P commences action seeking equitable relief.
  • P makes a motion (by order to show cause) for a preliminary injunction to maintain status quo until overall action is resolved.
  • In the order to show cause, P requests TRO to obtain immediate injunctive relief pending the outcome of the preliminary injunction motion.
63
Q

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
How does one obtain a TRO?

A
  • Make the order for preliminary injunction by order to show cause scheduling a quick return date for the motion for preliminary injunction.
  • Judge can include TRO in Order.
  • Order is then served on the D along w/ the motion papers for the preliminary injunction.
  • Upon service, D is immediately restrained by the TRO, pending the resolution of the preliminary injunction motion.
64
Q

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
How does one obtain a TRO?

A

 Make the order for preliminary injunction by order to show cause scheduling a quick return date for the motion for preliminary injunction.

 Judge can include TRO in Order.

 Order is then served on the D along w/ the motion papers for the preliminary injunction.

 Upon service, D is immediately restrained by the TRO, pending the resolution of the preliminary injunction motion.

65
Q

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
Seizure of a Chattel

A

Types of actions: only available in an action that seeks to recover possession of a chattel (replevin)

Order to Seize Chattel – to insure enforcement of a judgment awarding the chattel

  • o Sheriff seizes chattel & impounds it until judgment b/c if it was lost/destroyed recovery is limited to monetary value of chattel

 Affidavits must show P will probably succeed on merits of underlying COA.

 P must provide indemnity.

 Can be made on notice or ex parte.

66
Q

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
Temporary Receivership - Definition and Types of Actions?

A
  • Temporary receiver – person appointed by the court to manage property in the D’s possession
  • Types of actions: must be in EQUITY claim in which specific property is the subject matter of the action, AND
    • there is danger that D will injure or destroy the value of the property while the action is pending.
    • Requires a motion on notice.

➩ very rare b/c so drastic

67
Q

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
Notice of Pendency
(lis pendens). - Definition, Outcome and Requirements?

A
  • EQUITY action in which the judgment will have direct effect on possession, use or title of REAL PROPERTY
  • Filing of notice of pendency gives record notice to potential buyers that any interest they acquire will be subordinate to P.
  • Mortgage foreclosure – lis pendens is statutorily required
  • Does NOT need a court order
  • D’s only remedy – motion to cancel lis pendens
68
Q

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
What are the add’l requirements for ex parte motion for Seizure of Chattel?

A

 P must show a threat of immediate loss of the chattel, and

 Due process must be satisfied:

  • o If motion granted, P must make a follow-up motion on notice w/in 5 days of the seizure to confirm the ex parte order & that’s how D gets a prompt hearing to say his part.
69
Q

TRIAL PROCEDURE
How is a matter put on a court’s calendar?

A

When discovery is completed & case is ready for trial:

 EITHER party may file a Note of Issue

 Filing party has to serve copies on opposing parties

70
Q

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
Time Constraints of Notice of Pendency

A

 Effective for 3 years from date of filing

 If action goes beyond 3 years then P would have to make a motion for a 3-year extension
o MUST make the motion PRIOR to the expiration → if after:

  • • lis pendens becomes void, and
  • • P cannot obtain another one on the same property for the same COA

 Mortgage foreclosure – even if miss deadline, ct. will renew b/c statutorily required

71
Q

TRIAL PROCEDURES
When does a party in a civil action have a right to jury trial?

A

o Action seeking solely money damages.
o Replevin (action to recover chattel).
o Claim to real property.
o Annulment of a marriage.
o Divorce action on issue of grounds.

➩ Civil jury = 6 jurors, need at least 5 votes

72
Q

TRIAL PROCEDURES
How does a party who is entitled to a jury obtain it?

A

 Party who files notice of motion – makes a demand for a jury trial in Note of Issue or else waives it

 Other parties – assuming no jury demand made in the Note of Issue, other party must file his own separate demand for a jury

73
Q

RES JUDICATA
Transactional Approach.

A

RJ (or Claim Preclusion): to avoid & to prevent relitigation of the same claim

  • Transactional Approach – when claim against the D gets final judgment on the merits, all other claims by the P against the same D are barred if they arise out of the same transaction
  • True even if other claims based on different theory or seek a different remedy
    • o Exception: matrimonial action based on domestic abuse
74
Q

COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL
General Rule.

A

Collateral Estoppel: avoids & prevents relitigation of specific fact issues that were decided in a prior proceeding upon 3-part showing:

 identical issue
 issue was actually litigated & decided
 party against whom issue preclusion is asserted had a full & fair opportunity to litigate the issue in the former proceeding

75
Q

ARBITRATION
5 THRESHOLD ISSUES THAT CAN BE PRESENTED TO THE COURT TO AVOID ARBITRATION.

A

 Agmt to arbitrate? – must be in writing, clear, explicit & unequivocal
 Particular dispute w/in scope of clause?
 Clause valid? – i.e. not induced by fraud, duress or coercion

  • Doctrine of severability – will examine clause separately from K b/c that would look at merits of entire K

 Express condition precedent to arbitration has been complied w/?
 SOL issue?
➩NY PUBLIC POLICY FAVORS ABRITRATION

76
Q

Arbitration
How does a party bring threshold issue to the court?

A
  • Already pending action – D should make motion to stay the action & compel arbitration
  • Notice of Intention to Arbitrate – opponent who wants to avoid arbitration must commence a special proceeding for stay of arbitration
    • must be w/in 20 days of receipt of Notice of Intention or waives any of the threshold objections
77
Q

** ARBITRATION**
5 THRESHOLD ISSUES THAT CAN BE PRESENTED TO THE COURT TO AVOID ARBITRATION.

A

 Agmt to arbitrate? – must be in writing, clear, explicit & unequivocal
 Particular dispute w/in scope of clause?
 Clause valid? – i.e. not induced by fraud, duress or coercion

  • • Doctrine of severability – will examine clause separately from K b/c that would look at merits of entire K

 Express condition precedent to arbitration has been complied w/?
 SOL issue?
➩NY PUBLIC POLICY FAVORS ABRITRATION

78
Q

ARTICLE 78 PROCEEDINGS
What are the 4 grounds for an Article 78 Proceeding?

A

Article 78 authorizes a special proceeding for judicial review of (in)action by govt. or quasi-govt. officers (i.e. administrative agency review).

4 Grounds:

 Mandamus to compel
 Prohibition
 Certiorari
 Mandamus to Review

79
Q

ARBITRATION
What are the 3 grounds of judicial review of arbitration awards?

A

Only 3 grounds:

 Corruption, fraud, misconduct in the arbitration proceeding.
 bias of an arbitrator who was chosen to be neutral
 arbitrator exceeded his powers (almost always loses b/c arbitrators usually have unlimited power unless the parties agree otherwise)

➩NY – arbitrator cannot award punitive damages in localized dispute

80
Q

ARTICLE 78 PROCEEDINGS
Prohibition

A

• Prohibition – proceeding to stop a judicial officer from exercising power that exceeds his lawful jurisdiction

  • o only for gross excess of jurisdiction
  • o E.g. judge denies D’s motion to dismiss for clear violation of double jeopardy
81
Q

ARTICLE 78 PROCEEDINGS
Mandamus to Compel

A

• Mandamus to Compel – to compel performance of act required by law

  • o e.g. election official refuses to issue absentee ballot, city clerk refuses to issue marriage license

Corporations = quasi-govt. body b/c gets right to exist from the state

  • o e.g. refusal to convene annual meeting of shareholders
82
Q

ARTICLE 78 PROCEEDINGS
Mandamus to Review

A

Mandamus to Review – proceeding to review any type of administrative action not covered by other 3 (usually used to challenge agency determination w/o trial-type hearing)

  • o E.g. zoning permit denied, gun permit renewal denied

 Agencies may determine such matters w/o trial-type hearing b/c no vested rts. are at stake
 Ct. must uphold determination UNLESS it was “arbitrary & capricious.”

83
Q

ARTICLE 78 PROCEEDINGS
Certiorari

A

• Certiorari – proceeding to challenge the results of a “trial-type” hearing conducted by an administrative agency

Trial-type hearing – testimony taken under oath w/ a rt. of cross-examination

  • o Persons w/ a vested property or quasi-property right are entitled to trial-type hearing prior to divestiture

 Ct. must uphold determination if it was supported by substantial evidence.

84
Q

ARTICLE 78 PROCEEDINGS
What is the procedure for an Article 78 Proceeding?

A

 Only the Supreme Court can hear Article 78 Proceeding.
 Even the State can be sued here.
SOL = 4 months
 May only seek declaratory or injunctive relief

  • o Injunction e.g. – reinstatement of employment
  • o Declaratory e.g. - annulment of agencies determination

 Damages are only recoverable if they are incidental to the main relief being sought.

85
Q

SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION: Definition

A

Power of the court to adjudicate particular types of claims.

86
Q

PERSONAL JURISDICTION: Definition

A

Power of the court to adjudicate claims for damages or injunctive relief against particular parties

87
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
What actions have a SOL of 3-6 years?

A

 3 yrs

  • o Personal injury based on negligence & strict PL
  • o Property damages
  • o Professional malpractice
  • o Accrues → date of injury (unless toxic substance = discovery), date of delivery of work

 4 yrs

  • o Ks governed by UCC Article 2 – sales
  • o Accrues → tender of delivery

 6 yrs

  • o Ks express or implied - date of breach regardless of knowledge of breach
  • o Indemnity or contribution – date of payment
  • o Fraud – w/in 6 yrs. of commission or 2 years of discovery, whichever is longer
88
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
What actions have a SOL of 0-2.5 years?

A

 4 months

  • o Article 78 proceedings

 1 yr.

  • o Intentional torts to the person

 2 yrs

  • o Wrongful death – date of death AS LONG AS can also be shown that decedent’s personal injury claim had not expired on date of death
  • o If criminal proceeding – executor gets optional & independent 1 yr. from termination of criminal proceeding (TOTALLY INDEPENDENT FROM OTHER RUNNING OF SOL)

 2.5 yrs.

  • o Medical, dental & podiatric Malpractice – 2 yrs. from date of malpractice UNLESS continuous treatment (end of treatment) or foreign objects (1 yr. from discovery)
89
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
When must an action be commenced to meet the SOL deadline?

A

 Commencement of the action (i.e. filing process) must be made w/ the County Clerk on or before the last day of the SOL.

 Clock starts ticking the day after the injury.

  • o Ex: Car accident on June 1, 2006. Last day for timely commencement for PI and/or property damages = June 1, 2009.
90
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
What is the “Borrowing Statute”?

A

 P was a non-resident when out-of-state claim arose → if SOL in state where COA arose is shorter, NY will apply it; otherwise NY SOL applies.

 P was resident when out-of-state claim arose – will always apply NY SOL.

91
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
What is the continuous treatment rule?

A

Continuous Treatment exception:

 If doctor continues to treat patient for the exact same medical condition that gave rise to the malpractice → SOL runs from termination of the treatment.

92
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
Who can be liable for medical malpractice?

A
  •  Doctors
  •  Dentists
  •  Podiatrists
  •  Nurses
  •  Hospitals
93
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
Who can be liable for
professional malpractice?

A

 Lawyers
 Accountants
 Architects
 Engineers

 NOT:

  • o insurance brokers
  • o securities analysts
  • o plumbers
94
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
What is the foreign object doctrine?

A

 If doctor was responsible for introducing a foreign object into patient’s body and leaving it behind, P gets option of:

  • o 2.5 yrs. from date of operation, or
  • o 1 yr. from date of discovery (implied or actual)

 NOT Foreign Objects (so no benefit of rule):

  • o chemical substance (medicine)
  • o prosthetic device (plastic hip)
  • o fixation device (internal sutures, pacemaker)
95
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
What is the SOL for personal injury against a “professional”?

A
96
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
Professional Malpractice

A
  • Malpractice has an exclusive SOL of 3 years, whether the claim is based in tort or K (which would normally have 6 years).
  • Doctrine of Continuous Representation Applies
  • Caveat: personal injury different
97
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
Products Liability

A

Special Procedure required if claim brought more than 10 yrs. after building completed:

  • o P must serve notice of claim on architect/engineer 90 days before suit.
  • o P may obtain pre-action discovery from the potential D during the 90 day wait period; and
  • o if D moves for SJ, burden on P to make evidentiary showing that has “substantial basis” to believe D’s negligence was the proximate cause of the injuries.
98
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
Special Procedure required in PI claims against “professionals.”

A

 Special Procedure required if claim brought more than 10 yrs. after building completed:

  • o P must serve notice of claim on architect/engineer 90 days before suit.
  • o P may obtain pre-action discovery from the potential D during the 90 day wait period; and
  • o if D moves for SJ, burden on P to make evidentiary showing that has “substantial basis” to believe D’s negligence was the proximate cause of the injuries.
99
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
Toll for Defendant’s absence.

A

 D not in NY when COA accrues → SOL does not begin to run until he returns to NY
 D in NY when COA accrues but _thereafter leaves N_Y & is continuously absent for at least 4 months → SOL tolls during time absent
Exception: no tolling if P has a basis of personal jurisdiction over absent D that would allow process to be validly served

  • o E.g. Texan comes to NY, punches someone & goes back to Texas. No tolling b/c long arm available b/c tortious act in NY.
100
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
What is the toxic substances exception to products liability?

A

Toxic substance = any inherently harmful toxin that has latent or slow-developing effects

  • o e.g. DES, asbestos, insecticides, HIV-virus, leaking petroleum

Exposure = any sort of assimilation into one’s body or property

SOL = date of discovery or when w/ reasonable diligence should have discovered

Caveat: does not apply to medical malpractice b/c exclusively governed by med mal rules

101
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
Toll for potential Plaintiff’s death.

A

Survival Claim: any COA P could have brought
 Damages = any incurred by P prior to death
 SOL = if claim still timely on date of death, executor gets time remaining or 1 yr. from date of death

Wrongful Death Claim: tort claim for economic damages of decedent’s statutory distributes
 Damages = punitive but not emotional suffering of distributees or P’s p&s.
 SOL – 2 yrs. from date of death AS LONG AS personal injury claim would have been timely

102
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
Toll for Plaintiff’s infancy or mental disorder.

A

 Infants (under 18) & insane → may sue w/in regular SOL w/ competent adult rep. but they get a toll until the disability ends.

Once the disability ends:
 SOL for COA was 3+ yrs. → P gets 3 yrs.
 SOL for COA less than 3 yrs. → P gets whatever period specified

Exception – 10 yr. limit:
 Claims of insane Ps barred after 10 yrs.
 Med mal – barred after 10 yrs
Caveat: continuous treatment toll separate so if applicable then run separately to see what’s best

103
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
Grace Period.

A

 If a New York action is timely commenced but dismissed before trial & at the time of dismissal SOL has either expired or has less than 6 months remaining → P gets 6 months from the date of dismissal to re-file the same action & serve process on D.

4 Exceptions:
 dismissal on the merits
 voluntary discontinuance by the P (dropped the suit)
 P neglects to prosecute
 dismissal for lack of personal jurisdiction

104
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
Toll for potential Defendant’s death.

A

 If potential defendant dies AT ANY TIME before the SOL expires, 18 months are always added to the relevant limitations period.

Ex: Car crash on June 1, 2005, in which D’s negligence caused person’s death. Wrongful death SOL = 2 yrs. + 18 months so P’s executor has until December 1, 2008.

105
Q

SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION
Over what does the Supreme Court have exclusive SMJ?

A

 Matrimonial actions where ct. is asked to adjudicate marital status (e.g. divorce, separation, annulment, validity of marriage)

 CPLR Article 78 Proceedings

 Declaratory judgment action – judicial declaration about smtg which could cause liability before it does

106
Q

SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION
Where must the State of NY be sued?

A

 Claims for money damages in tort or contract against the State of New York must be brought in NY Court of Claims.

Exception: govt. subdivisions (counties, cities, school districts) must be sued in SC

Note: If there is a non-state co-D, they have to be sued in separate courts.

107
Q

COMMENCEMENT PROCEDURES
What are the forms of process?

A
  • o Summons & Complaint, or
    • o Summons = notifies D that he is being sued in a particular court
  • o Summons & Notice
    • o Notice must state:
      • • brief stmt of nature of action
      • • nature of relief sought
      • • amount of damages UNLESS personal injury or wrongful death – then CANNOT state
  • o Naked Summons: if no complaint or notice attached, then defect in PJ & action can be dismissed
108
Q

COMMENCEMENT PROCEDURES
How can an action be validly commenced?

A

To be valid:
 file process w/ the County Clerk
 pay a fee for the purchase of an index number
 serve process on the D w/in 120 days after filing w/ the county clerk

Note: Court has discretion to extend 120 days if P makes an ex parte motion & makes a showing of good cause or interest of justice.

  • o If D wants to challenge timeliness, must make a Motion to Dismiss for untimely service but court can still grant P an extension & apply it retroactively.
109
Q

COMMENCEMENT PROCEDURES
Methods of serving process on corporations.

A

(1) Personal delivery to:

  • o officer of the corporation
  • o director of the corporation
  • o designated agent
  • o managing agent (employee who has supervisory power)
  • ***Can be served anywhere if there is a basis of personal jurisdiction.

(2) Service on NY Sec. of State

  • o Domestic corp. & foreign corp. authorized to do business in NY = personally deliver 2 copies on Sec.
  • o Unlicensed foreign corp. = 1 copy to Sec. & 1 by mail to corp. by certified mail, return receipt request
110
Q

COMMENCEMENT PROCEDURES
Methods of serving process on persons.

A

o Personal delivery to D in New York
o Leave & Mail
o Nail & Mail
o Expedient Service
o Agent Designated by D to receive service
o Service by 1st Class Mail PLUS acknowledgment

111
Q

COMMENCEMENT PROCEDURES
Personal Delivery.

A
  • If D refuses, leave process in his vicinity.
  • Service is complete upon delivery.
112
Q

COMMENCEMENT PROCEDURES
Service by 1st Class Mail PLUS Acknowledgement

A

Mail process to D by 1st class mail, enclosing:

  • 2 copies of statutory acknowledgement form and
  • a return envelope, postage prepaid, addressed to sender
  • Service is effective only if D signs 1 form & returns it to P w/in 30 days. (complete upon sending signed form)
  • If D does not return it, P must serve process some other way & D must pay for it.

Notes:
CANNOT be used on infants or insane.
D’s return of form is NOT a concession that court has jurisdiction.

113
Q

COMMENCMENT PROCEDURES
Nail & Mail

A
  • Server may AFFIX process to the door of D’s actual dwelling place or actual place of business, and within 20 days,
  • MAIL a copy by regular mail to D at D’s actual place of business or last known residence, and
  • Must have exercised Due Diligence by making attempts to serve D directly or by delivery, and
  • File proof of service.
114
Q

COMMENCEMENT PROCEDURES
Leave & Mail

A

o Server may DELIVER process to person of suitable age & discretion (does not mean 18 nec.) at D’s actual dwelling place or actual place of business, and within 20 days,
o MAIL a copy by regular mail to D at D’s actual place of business or at his last known residence, and
o File proof of service.

o Service is complete 10 days after proof of service filed (i.e. when D’s response time begins to run)
o If P fails to file proof of service, it is not a jurisdictional defect, just postpones D’s response time.
o Also, proof of service does not have to be w/in 120 days from date of filing process.

115
Q

COMMENCEMENT PROCEDURES
Service on Infants

A

Must serve on adult:
o parent
o guardian
o any person having legal custody of infant
o if infant is married, then on an adult w/ whom she resides

o Infant over 14 yrs. old → process must be served on the eligible adult and the infant

116
Q

COMMENCEMENT PROCEDURES
Service on Mentally Incapacitated

A

o Mentally incapacitated person with court-appointed guardian – must serve person and guardian

o Mentally incapacitated person without court-appointed guardian – serve person & then court will appoint a guardian ad litem

117
Q

COMMENCEMENT PROCEDURES
Expedient Service

A

o If all 3 other methods of delivery on persons are not practicable, P may make an ex parte motion to the court for an order allowing an improvised expedient method.

Reasonable alternative:
o D’s liability insurer
o family member
o business associate
o email

118
Q

COMMENCEMENT PROCEDURES
Basic requirements of serving process.

A

o Process Server must be 18 or older
o Process server cannot be a party to the action
o Process may be served on any day except Sunday and if D is a Saturday Sabbath observer, and D knows it
o Each D gets his own set of process

119
Q

COMMENCEMENT PROCEDURES
Serving process outside NY.

A

o Same methods as used in New York.

120
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: Wrongful death?

A

Period: 2 years

Note: But must also show that SOL on decedent’s underlying claim had not expired @ death

121
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: Intentional Torts to the person (assault, battery, false imprisonment, defamation)

A

Period: 1 year

122
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: Personal injury and property damage claims against municipal Ds?

A

Period: 1 yr and 90 days

Note: But π must also show that she served notice of claim to ∆ w/t 90 days of accident.

123
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: Exceptions to SOL for Medical dental, and podiatric malpractice?

A

Exceptions:

  • **Continous Treatment: **period runs from end of treatment
  • Foreign Objects: 1 yr from discovery if insufficient time under regular rules
124
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: Medical dental, and podiatric malpractice?

A

**Period: 2 1/2 **years

125
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: Professional malpractice, other than medical malpractice?

A

**Period: 3 **years

126
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: Property damage, including conversioin or replevin?

A

**Period: 3 **years

127
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: Personal injury claim based on negligence and strict products liability?

A

**Period: 3 **years (date of personal injury or property dmg)

Note: No discovery rule except for toxic substances.

128
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: Action by victim of rape-related felony?

A

Period: 5 years

Note: Period rns from date of crime, and if perp prossecuted…5 yrs from terminatino of criminal proceeding regardless of outcome.

129
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: Start of accrual for Breach of Warranty for a Contracts governed by UCC Art. II - Sales

A

Note: Breach of warranty accrues upon Tender of Delivery

130
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: Contracts governed by UCC Art. II - Sales?

A

Period:** 4** years

131
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: Equity actions (rescission, reformation, accounting)

A

Period: 6 years

132
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: Fraud

A

Period: 6 years

Note: π can sue w/t 6 years of commission or 2 years of discovery (w/e longer)

133
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: Indemnity and Contribution

A

Period: 6 years

Note: Accrual from date of payment

134
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: Contracts, express or implied (other than UCC Art. 2 - sales)?

A

Period: 6 years

Note: Accrual from date of breach regardless of P’s lack of knowledge.

135
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: Action by crime victim against any D for “any” crime?

A

**Period: 7 **years

Note: Period runs from date of crime

136
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: Action by crime victim against convicted D for a serious crime?

A

Period: 10 years

Note: Period runs from date of conviction.

137
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: Action to Recover Realty?

A

Period: 10 years

138
Q

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: Action on Judgement?

A

Period: 20 years