NWSAM Flashcards
Caudal
Toward the tail
Cranial
Toward the head
Deep
Toward the core
Distal
Used with limbs, further from body/core
Dorsal
Toward the back, top, sky
Lateral
Toward the side
Medial
Toward the midline
Proximal
Used with limbs, closer to the body
Superficial
Toward the surface
Unilateral
Toward one side
Ventral
Toward the belly, bottom, ground
Dorsal Plane or Frontal Plane
Divides the body into upper and lower sections (parallel to the ground)
Transverse or Coronal Plane
Divides the body into fore and hind sections (perpendicular to the ground)
Median Plane
Divides the body into equal left and right halves (medius = middle, occurs along the spine)
Sagittal Plane
Divides the body into left and right sections also, but can occur anywhere along the body other than the spine (Sagitta = arrow)
Superior
Toward the head
Inferior
Towards the ground
Anterior
Toward the front
Posterior
Towards the back
Quadruped
Horizontal to the ground
Concentric contraction
State of rest to shortened position - raising glass to lips
Eccentric Contraction
Shortened muscle returns to lengthened state under control-lowering glass to table
Isometric contraction
Muscles contract but do not move bones - carrying a box
Isotonic contraction
Muscles contract to produce movement of bones
Origin of a muscle
A fixed anchor - point where it attaches to the bone (usually) or another muscle
Insertion of a muscle
A moving attachment- opposite end of the muscle - during contraction the insertion moves toward the origin and the origin is proximal to body and insertion is distal
muscles that attach to scapula
Rhomboid, trapezius, serratus, longissimus dorsi
Endfeel
Natural endpoint of a movement as determined by the structure and relationship of bone and muscle
Bony opposition
When a bony structure determines the limit of a movement
Soft-tissue opposition
When muscle bellies meet to form a softer endfeel
Flexion
Closing the joint, bringing two bones closer together, decreasing joint angle
Sagittal plane
Extension
Opening of the joint, moving two bones apart, increasing angle of joint
Sagittal plane
Abduction
Movement of limb away from the mid-line of the body (raise arm to side)
Transverse plane
Adduction
Takes limb medial or toward the midline of the body, “add” to the body, moving toward or across midline (hand over heart)
Transverse plane
Lateral flexion
Not confused with flexion.
Flexion to one side and is specific to axial skeleton, spinal column, and skull
Unilateral
Flexing sideways as in turning to scratch itch - muscles on one side contract while same muscles on opposite side are lengthening- movement occurs to one side
Rotation
Movement occurs around the circumference of the joint creating a rolling motion. Occurs along the spine and in the limbs.
Internal rotation
External rotation
Internal - front (cranial aspect) of limb turns toward mid-line
External - turns away from mid-line
Proprioception
Muscle memory. Memory of movement contained in soft tissue that can be deeply affected by massage - altering proprioceptive memory patterns
3 Proprioceptive Components
Golgi Tendon Organ GTO
Muscle Spindle Fiber MSF
Connective Tissue Matrix
