Nutritional status-Metabolic Pathways

Question 1

Allosteric Effectors

Answer 1

-Acetyl-CoA, AMP, Citrate, Fructose 2,6 BP, Fructose 1,6 BP, Glucose, Malonyl-CoA

Question 2

Acetyl CoA

Answer 2

• signals–>availability of CoA
• affects
• ->activates pyruvate carboxylase (gluconeogenesis),
• ->inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 3

AMP

Answer 3

• signals–>low energy charge

- affects–>activates glycogen phosphorylase (glycogen degradation) and PFK1

Question 4

Citrate

Answer 4

• signals–>availability of acetyl-CoA
• affects–>activates acetyl-CoA carboxylase (FA synthesis)
• ->inhibits PFK1 and PFK2 (glycolysis)

Question 5

Frustose 2,6 BP

Answer 5

• signals–>availability of glucose

- affects–>activates PFK1 and inhibits F 1,6 BPase

Question 6

Fructose 1, 6 BP

Answer 6

• signals–>availablity of glucose

- affects–>activates pyruvate kinase

Question 7

Glucose

Answer 7

• signals–>availability of glucose

- affects–>activates glucokinase (indirectly, translocation from nucleus into cytoplasm)

Question 8

Malonyl-CoA

Answer 8

• signals–>FA synthesis

- affects–>inhibits CPT 1 (FA degradation)

Question 9

Protein Phosphorylation

Answer 9

-AMP & cAMP

Question 10

AMP

Answer 10

signals–>low energy charge

• affects–>Activates AMP dependent kinase AMPK, leads to phosphorylation of key enzymes
• Inhibits gluconeogenesis
• Inhibits protein synthesis
• Inhibits lipogenesis
• Inhibits cholesterol synthesis

Question 11

cAMP

Answer 11

• signals–>starvation-low glucose
• affects–>Activates protein kinase A, leads to phosphory-lation of key enzymes
• Increases glycogenolysis
• Increases gluconeogenesis
• Inhibits glycolysis
• Inhibits lipogenesis

Question 12

Protein expression stimulus

Answer 12

-fatty acids, glucagon, insulin

Question 13

Fatty acids

Answer 13

• signals–>starvation (lipolysis)
• affects–>Induce genes for fatty acid oxidation and ketone synthesis via peroxisome proliferation response element (PPRE)

Question 14

Glucagon

Answer 14

-signals–>starvation
-affects–>Induces genes for gluconeogenesis via CREB-binding element (CRE)
Represses genes for lipid synthesis via CRE

Question 15

Insulin

Answer 15

-signals–>well-fed state
-affects–>Induces genes for lipid synthesis via SREBP-1c responsive element (SRE)
Represses genes for gluconeogenesis and FA oxidation via insulin response element (IRE)