Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mechanisms of Disease 1 Exam 2 > Nutritional Diseases > Flashcards

Nutritional Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the physiologic functions of Vitamin A? (3)

A
  • component of visual pigment
  • maintenance of specialized epithelia
  • maintenance of resistance to infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are 5 major symptoms of Vitamin A Deficiency?

A
  1. Night Blindness
  2. Xerophtalmia
  3. Blindness
  4. Squamous Metaplasia
  5. Increased Vulnerability to Infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are two clinical treatments utilizing Vitamin A?

A
  1. Acne
  2. Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (lifts inhibition of DNA transcription induced by a 15:17 translocation involving an alteration of the RARA gene)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which vitamin keeps tetrahydrofolate (FH4) in the reduced form?

A

Vitamin C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which vitamin deficiency will lead to collagen with reduced tensile strength?

A

Vitamin C- hydroxylation of lysine and proline residues in triple-helix of collagen, hydroxylation allows for anchoring in the cross-linking of tropocollagens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which vitamin functions as a cofactor in the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine in catecholamine synthesis?

A

Vitamin C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which vitamin suppresses osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts, thereby enhancing bone formation?

A

Vitamin C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which vitamin has a functions in the intestinal absorption of Calcium and Phosphate?

A

Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which vitamin allows for the mineralization of bone?

A

Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the disease associated with vitamin D deficiency in children?

A

Rickets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What disease is associated with vitamin D deficiency in adults?

A

Osteomalacia (Osteopenia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which vitamin is required for normal folate metabolism?

A

Vitamin B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A Deficiency in Vitamin B12 leads to which kind of anemia?

A

Megaloblastic Pernicious Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which spinal cord tracts are degenerated in Vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Posterolateral Spinal Cord Tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which mineral is necessary for the transfer and use of one-carbon units in DNA synthesis?

A

Folate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which spinal cords tracts are degenerated in Vitamin E deficiecy?

A

Spinocerebellar Spinal Cord Tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the predominant cause of Vitamin D Deficiency?

A

Renal Failure- insufficient- 1-alpha-hydroxylase to convert vitamin D to its active form (1,25 (OH)2 D)–> deficiency in calcium and phosphate absorption in the gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Decreased synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol occurs as a result of what?

A

Limited exposure to sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Decreased reabsorption of Vitamin D is often the result of?

A

Fat malabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 5 major causes of vitamin D Deficiency?

A
  1. Renal Failure
  2. Limited Exposure to Sunlight
  3. Fat Malabsorption
  4. Chronic Liver Disease
  5. Enzyme induction of CYP-450
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some potential consequences of Vitamin D toxicity?

A

Formation of metastatic calcifications of soft tissues (e.g. kidney), in adults it may cause bone pain and hypercalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A 5 year old presents with bowing deformity of lower extremities, widened epiphyses and bowing of his tibias bilaterally. Radiograph indicates bone mineral density is normal, consistent with failure of osteoid matrix formation. Which of the following deficiencies is this child most likely to have?

A 
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)- this is a typical case presentation of GROUND-GLASS OSTEOPENIA- SCURVY
- If bone mineral density was abnormal the answer would be Vitamin D, "Rickets"- failure of bone mineralization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which mineral is used interchangeably with Calcium in bone?

A

Lead
- forms “lead lines,” opaque metaphyseal bands in the distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal fibula secondary to lead poisoning in children

24
Q

Which mineral interferes with normal remodeling of cartilage and primary bone trabeculae in the epiphyses?

A

Lead

25
Q

Pellegra is a syndrome characterized by the 3 D’s “Dermatitis, Diarrhea and Dementia (Death)”, which vitamin deficiency can lead its development?

A

Niacin- Vitamin B 3

3 D’s- B3

26
Q

Describe the anemia associated with a deficiency in vitamin B6

A

Hypochromic (low iron intake/ absorption) and sideroblastic (ringed with iron-coated mitochondrial granules)

27
Q

Which mineral is a component of oxidase enzymes?

A

Zinc

28
Q

Acrodermatitis Enteropathica is a rare ______ inherited deficiency characterized by periorificial and acral dermatitis, alopecia and diarrhea (rash around the eyes, mouth, nose and anus)

A

Zinc

29
Q

A deficiency in which mineral leads to hypothyroidism and goiter?

A

Iodine

30
Q

Cretinism is characterized by growth and mental retardation, as well as problems with speech in hearing. A lack of which mineral can lead to cretinism?

A

Iodine

31
Q

Which mineral is most important for proper dentition?

A

Fluoride

32
Q

Which type of anemia is associated with a lack of iron (either due to chronic blood loss or inadequate dietary supplementation)?

A

Microcytic Hyperchromic Anemia

33
Q

Which trace mineral is a component of cytochrome C oxidase?

A

Copper

34
Q

Which disease classically presents with deficiencies in the fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E and K)?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

35
Q

A deficiency in which vitamin leads to bleeding disorders, ecchymosis and potential seizures (as a result of bleeding in the brain)

A

Vitamin K

36
Q

Which hormone makes us sensitive to insulin?

A

Adiponectin

37
Q

A Deficiency in which vitamin is associated with Beriberi?

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

38
Q

Upon microscopic examination, lead poisoning appears as

A

Microcytic anemia, basophilic stippling (coarse blue granules with uniform distribution with RBC’s- representative of ribosomal RNA)

39
Q

Lead poisoning inhibits which two enzymes in the heme synthesis pathway?

A

d-aminolevulinate dehydratase and Ferrochelatase (+ Fe2+)

40
Q

Mercury poisoning is associated with which symptoms?

A

tremor, gingivitis and bizarre behavior- associated with “Mad Hatter”
- the brain is highly susceptible to mercury due to its lipid solubility- this leads to accumulation of mercury in the brain, disturbing neuromotor, cognitive and behavioral functions

41
Q

What are the two main sources of mercury exposure?

A
  • Contaminated fish

- Dental Amalgrams

42
Q

Poisoning from which type of substance is associated with mining and electroplating?

A

Cadmium

43
Q

Why is a decreased tyrosine level and skin pigmentation problems often associated with Kwashiokor?

A
  • a deficiency in phenylalanine (essential amino acid)–> decreased tyrosine levels–> decreased melanin levels
44
Q

What is the amino acid precursor for melanin?

A

L-tyrosine (a derivative of phenylalanine)

45
Q

Which vitamin deficiency is the most likely cause for CHF, peripheral neuropathy and mental deterioration?

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

46
Q

Which diseases or surgeries can affect fat absorption and lead to subsequent insufficiency in vitamin D reabsorption?

A

Crohn’s (can involve the entire GI tract but especially the terminal ileum, Celiac Disease (Small Intestinal Villi)

47
Q

Where is more than 90% of the body’s vitamin A reserves stored in the body (enough for 6 months)?

A

Liver

48
Q

Where is vitamin A absorbed in the body?

A

Upper Small Intestines

49
Q

Absorption of fat soluble enzymes requires?

A

Bile and Pancreatic Enzymes

50
Q

What are the most frequent complications of Bulimia?

A
  • Electrolyte imbalances (Hypokalemia)
  • MOST COMMON CAUSE OF DEATH- Ventricular Arrythemias, predisposition from hypokalemia
  • Pulmonary aspiration on gastric contents
  • esophageal and gastric rupture
51
Q

Amenorrhea, is a diagnostic feature of anorexia nervosa, which is a result of decreased secretion of which hormones?

A

Amenorrhea results from a decreased secretion of Gn-RH and subsequent decreased secretion of LH and FSH

52
Q

Which PEM is associated with marked protein deprivation, affecting the VISCERAL compartment?

A

Kwashiokor

53
Q

Which PEM is associated with insufficient caloric intake, with a marked depletion of the SOMATIC compartment?

A

Marasmus

54
Q

What are the common clinical findings of Marasmus?

A
  • broomstick extremities from extreme somatic muscle breakdown for energy and loss of subcutaneous fat
  • leptin levels are low–> HPA produces high levels of cortisol, contributing to lipolysis
  • Growth retardation
  • Microcytic Anemia (insufficient iron), Macrocytic Anemia (insufficient B12 or folate) or Normocytic of Chronic Disease
  • Defects in Cell Mediated Immunity, Type IV
55
Q

What are the common clinical findings of Kwashiokor?

A
  • pitting and generalized edema and ascites (caused by hypoalbuminemia and loss of plasma oncotic pressure)
  • an enlarged fatty liver (result of reduced synthesis of carrier protein component of lipoproteins)
  • apathy, listlessness and loss of appetite
  • diarrhea (due to loss of brush border enzymes and parasitic infections)
  • anemia and defects in cell-mediated immunity
  • flaky paint dermatosis in malnutrition

Mechanisms of Disease 1 Exam 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions