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MOD - Gustafson, Nutritional Diseases > Nutritional Diseases > Flashcards

Nutritional Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Malnutrion

A

Not enough of a nutrient in the diet to meet the needs of a healthy person

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2
Q

Secondary Malnutrition

A

Malabsorption, urinary wasting, or excessive need for a particular nutrient.

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3
Q

Infectious Disease

A

Zoonotic disease that have jumped into the human species. Species that provide a host for different human pathogens.

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4
Q

Infectious Disease examples

A

MRD-TB, MRSA, drug resistant malaria.

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5
Q

Climate Change Disease examples

A

malaria, dengue fever, etc

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6
Q

Climate Change causes…

A

Malnutrition

Increased pollution

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7
Q

Toxicology definition

A

-Study of poisons

Generally deals with substance abuse, environmental or employment related exposure to toxic substances

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8
Q

Poison definition

A

Too much of anything

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9
Q

Xenobiotics definition

A

Exogenous chemicals in the enviroment

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10
Q

System involved in metabolism of posions

A

Cytochrome P-450 enzyme system

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11
Q

Phase 1 of metabolism of poisons (xenobiotic to primary metabolite)

A

hydrolysis, reduction, oxidation

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12
Q

Phase 2 of metabolism of poisons (primary metabolite to secondary metabolite)

A

Glucuronidation, sulfation, methylation, conjugation

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13
Q

CO binds very strongly to…

A

Hb

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14
Q

Causes of CO poisoning

A

furnace or chimney issues

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15
Q

Symptoms of CO poisoning

A

Light headedness, confusion, vertigo, mental status changes

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16
Q

Color of CO

A

colorless, odorless gas

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17
Q

Contributors to indoor air quality

A
  • Wood smoke, polycyclic hydrocarbons
  • Bioaerosols microbial agents
  • Radon
  • Formaldehyde
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18
Q

Examples of heavy metals (in natural environment or workplace)

A

lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium

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19
Q

What lead does:

A

**INHIBITS FERROCHELATASE, forming ringed sideroblasts, microcytic hypochromic anemia, punctate basophilic stippling of red cells.

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20
Q

Brains of children are highly susceptible to…

A

Lead

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21
Q

Marasmus (“dry starvation”)

A

Weight 60% below normal age and sex height values, emaciated appearance to the pt

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22
Q

Appearance in marasmus v. kwashiorkor

A

Dry - muscles wasted, little to no edema

Wet - edema, causing “normal” weight

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23
Q

Proteins lost first in dry starvation

A

somatic protein reserves

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24
Q

Proteins lost first in wet starvation

A

visceral protein reserves

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25
Q

Cause of dry starvation

A

calorie deficiency&raquo_space; pts ravenously hungry

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26
Q

Cause of Kwashiorkor (“Wet starvation”)

A

too little protein in diet

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27
Q

Characteristics of wet starvation

A
  • Low serum albumin&raquo_space; edema (esp belly)
  • Fatty liver
  • Mentally dull
  • Malabsorption&raquo_space; death
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28
Q

Flag sign

A

Indicates Kwashiorkor - hair striped bc cannot pigment without tyrosine to make melanin

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29
Q

Anorexia

A

low bone density, amenorrhea, hypoalbuminemic, anemic

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30
Q

Essential 13 Vitamins - Fat soluble (4)

A

A (retinoic acid)
D
E
K

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31
Q

Essential 13 Vitamins - Water soluble (9)

A 
Vitamin B1 thiamine 
Vitamin B2 riboflavin
Niacin
• Vitamin B6
• Vitamin B12
• Vitamin C
• Folate
• Pantothenic acid
• Biotin
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32
Q

Vitamin A - results of excess or deficiency

A

Deficiency - AQUAMOUS METAPLASIA/hyperkeratosis

Excess - de-differentiation of squamous epithelium

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33
Q

Causes of Vitamin A deficiency

A
  • Poverty
  • Fat malabsorption (d/t intestinal mucosal problems or biliary obstruction/cholestasis)
  • Weird diets
  • Amateur vegetarians
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34
Q

Possible cause of Xerophthalmia

A

Vitamin A deficiency
Extra keratin
Squamous metaplasia of eye lube-glands

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35
Q

Vit A deficiency - results of squamous metaplasia

A
  • Night blindness
  • airway columnar epithelia&raquo_space; increased resp infections (measles)
  • urothelium&raquo_space; increased kidney stone
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36
Q

Vit A excess d/t:

A
  • eating polar bear liver

- overuse of synthetic Vitamin A supplement

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37
Q

Pt w/ Vitamin A toxicity presentation

A

increased intracranial pressure

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38
Q

Causes of Vitamin D deficiency

A
  • Poverty
  • Lack of sunlight/dark skin
  • Lack in the diet/prolonged breast feeding
  • Amateur vegetarians
  • Malabsorption
39
Q

Best known problem d/t VITAMIN D/Calcium/Phosphate deficiency (20ng/dL or less)

A

Rickets

40
Q

What lack of Vit D does to cause rickets

A

Osteoid does not calcify well and chondrocytes don’t line up normally.

41
Q

80ng/dL

A

Suggested range for 25-hydroxyvitamin D

42
Q

Vitamin D excess causes

A

Kidney stones

43
Q

Vitamin E deficiency demographic

A

Preemies

Pts w/ fat malabsorption

44
Q

Vitamin E deficiency in preemies causes (until supplementation)

A

hemolysis

45
Q

Vit K function

A

gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid to make clotting factors 2, 7, 9, 10 C, S

46
Q

Result of Vitamin K deficiency in babies

A

BRAIN HEMORRHAGE

PVL - periventricular leukomalacia

47
Q

Causes of Vitamin K deficiency

A
  • Preemies, esp “milk obly” babies
  • Fat malabsorption
  • Functional deficiency: lvier failure, coumadin Rx
48
Q

Thiamine

A

Vitamin B1 - water soluble

49
Q

Causes of B1 (thiamine) deficiency

A
  • alcoholic binge

- post bariatric surgery

50
Q

Wet beri-beri

A

B1 deficiency

Cardiomyopathy

51
Q

Dry beri-beri

A

B1 deficiency

neuropathy

52
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A

B1 deficiency
CNS
Prevent by giving glucose IV to B1-deficient pt

53
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

B1 deficiency

amnesia and other psychiatric manifestations

54
Q

Niacin

A

Vitamin B3

55
Q

B3 deficiency

A

pallegra

56
Q

Causes of B3 deficiency - Dietary

A
  • Poverty - low niacin, low tryptophan
  • Grain-only diets
  • Anorexia, alcoholism
57
Q

Causes of B3 deficiency - non-dietary

A
  • carcinoid tumors (use up tryptophan)
  • malabsorption
  • taking isoniazid (also wastes B6)
  • Hartnup disease (wastes tryp)
58
Q

AA in Beans

AA in maize

A

Beans - tryptophan and lysine

Maize - methionine and cysteine

59
Q

Sign/symptoms of pellagra (D’s)

A

dermatitia, diarrhea, dementia, death

60
Q

Pantothenic acid

A

B5

water soluble

61
Q

“burning feet”, painful parasthesia in lower leg

A

First sign of B5 deficiency

62
Q

Pyridoxine

A

B6

water soluble

63
Q

Result of B6 deficiency

A

elevated homocysteine levels

64
Q

B6 function

A

shuttle amino groups

65
Q

Folic Acid

A

B9

66
Q

B9 function

A

shuttle methyl groups

67
Q

cause of megaloblastic anemia

A

B9 deficiency (and B12)

68
Q

Causes of B9 deficiency

A
  • junk food diet
  • alcoholics
  • pregnancy
  • phenytoin users (can’t absorb)
  • malabsorption (“tropical sprue vicious cycle”)
69
Q

Cause of NT defects/cleft palate

A

B9 deficiency

70
Q

Avidin

A

binds Biotin

71
Q

severe eye, ear, brain damage is d/t

A

biotinidase and holocarboxylase deficiency

72
Q

ascorbic acid

A

Vitamin C

73
Q

Function of vitamin C

A

oxidizer needed to maintain collagen, etc.

74
Q

Name of petechiae around hair follicles and coiled “corkscrew hairs”

A

Scurvy rash

75
Q

Cause of arthralgias, joint effusion, bleeds

A

scurvy

76
Q

Most common childhood nutritional problem

A

iron deficiency (mostly d/t diet)

77
Q

hypochromic, microcytic anemia d/t

A

iron deficiency

78
Q

koilonychia is a sign of

A

hypochromic anemia

79
Q

genetic acrodermatitis enteropathica is d/t

A

Zinc deficiency - inability to take up zinc

80
Q

Characterisitics of acrodermatitis enteropathica

A
  • lesions around mouth, anus, extremities
  • thinning of hair
  • diarrhea
81
Q

SLC39A4

A

Acrodermatitis enteropathica

82
Q

Cause of anemia, bone deformity, depigmentation

A

copper deficiency

83
Q

Mencke’s Disease

A

Copper deficiency

Inborn error of metabolism

84
Q 
Keshan disease (China)
Kashin-Beck disease (Central Asia)
A

selenium deficiency d/t lack of selenium in soil

85
Q

what causes vulnerability to coxsackievirus

A

lack of selenium

86
Q

Cause of mental retardation

A

iodine deficiency (d/t lack of seafood or iodized salt)

87
Q

thyroid result of iodine deficiency

A

goiter

88
Q

BMI over 30kg/m2

A

obese

89
Q

BMI between 25-30 kg/m2

A

overweight

90
Q

adiponectin contributes to…

A

hyperinsulinemia (Type II diabetes)

91
Q

adiponectin function

A

fat burner, guards against obesity

92
Q

Carcinogens exogenous

A

aflatoxin hepatocellular carcinoma

93
Q

Carncinogens ondogenous

A

nitrosamines gastric cancers

MOD - Gustafson, Nutritional Diseases (1 decks)

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