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MOD - Gustafson, Nutritional Diseases > Nutritional Diseases > Flashcards

Nutritional Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Malnutrion

A

Not enough of a nutrient in the diet to meet the needs of a healthy person

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2
Q

Secondary Malnutrition

A

Malabsorption, urinary wasting, or excessive need for a particular nutrient.

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3
Q

Infectious Disease

A

Zoonotic disease that have jumped into the human species. Species that provide a host for different human pathogens.

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4
Q

Infectious Disease examples

A

MRD-TB, MRSA, drug resistant malaria.

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5
Q

Climate Change Disease examples

A

malaria, dengue fever, etc

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6
Q

Climate Change causes…

A

Malnutrition

Increased pollution

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7
Q

Toxicology definition

A

-Study of poisons

Generally deals with substance abuse, environmental or employment related exposure to toxic substances

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8
Q

Poison definition

A

Too much of anything

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9
Q

Xenobiotics definition

A

Exogenous chemicals in the enviroment

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10
Q

System involved in metabolism of posions

A

Cytochrome P-450 enzyme system

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11
Q

Phase 1 of metabolism of poisons (xenobiotic to primary metabolite)

A

hydrolysis, reduction, oxidation

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12
Q

Phase 2 of metabolism of poisons (primary metabolite to secondary metabolite)

A

Glucuronidation, sulfation, methylation, conjugation

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13
Q

CO binds very strongly to…

A

Hb

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14
Q

Causes of CO poisoning

A

furnace or chimney issues

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15
Q

Symptoms of CO poisoning

A

Light headedness, confusion, vertigo, mental status changes

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16
Q

Color of CO

A

colorless, odorless gas

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17
Q

Contributors to indoor air quality

A
  • Wood smoke, polycyclic hydrocarbons
  • Bioaerosols microbial agents
  • Radon
  • Formaldehyde
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18
Q

Examples of heavy metals (in natural environment or workplace)

A

lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium

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19
Q

What lead does:

A

**INHIBITS FERROCHELATASE, forming ringed sideroblasts, microcytic hypochromic anemia, punctate basophilic stippling of red cells.

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20
Q

Brains of children are highly susceptible to…

A

Lead

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21
Q

Marasmus (“dry starvation”)

A

Weight 60% below normal age and sex height values, emaciated appearance to the pt

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22
Q

Appearance in marasmus v. kwashiorkor

A

Dry - muscles wasted, little to no edema

Wet - edema, causing “normal” weight

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23
Q

Proteins lost first in dry starvation

A

somatic protein reserves

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24
Q

Proteins lost first in wet starvation

A

visceral protein reserves

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25
Cause of dry starvation
calorie deficiency >> pts ravenously hungry
26
Cause of Kwashiorkor ("Wet starvation")
too little protein in diet
27
Characteristics of wet starvation
- Low serum albumin >> edema (esp belly) - Fatty liver - Mentally dull - Malabsorption >> death
28
Flag sign
Indicates Kwashiorkor - hair striped bc cannot pigment without tyrosine to make melanin
29
Anorexia
low bone density, amenorrhea, hypoalbuminemic, anemic
30
Essential 13 Vitamins - Fat soluble (4)
A (retinoic acid) D E K
31
Essential 13 Vitamins - Water soluble (9)
``` Vitamin B1 thiamine Vitamin B2 riboflavin Niacin • Vitamin B6 • Vitamin B12 • Vitamin C • Folate • Pantothenic acid • Biotin ```
32
Vitamin A - results of excess or deficiency
Deficiency - AQUAMOUS METAPLASIA/hyperkeratosis | Excess - de-differentiation of squamous epithelium
33
Causes of Vitamin A deficiency
- Poverty - Fat malabsorption (d/t intestinal mucosal problems or biliary obstruction/cholestasis) - Weird diets - Amateur vegetarians
34
Possible cause of Xerophthalmia
Vitamin A deficiency Extra keratin Squamous metaplasia of eye lube-glands
35
Vit A deficiency - results of squamous metaplasia
- Night blindness - airway columnar epithelia >> increased resp infections (measles) - urothelium >> increased kidney stone
36
Vit A excess d/t:
- eating polar bear liver | - overuse of synthetic Vitamin A supplement
37
Pt w/ Vitamin A toxicity presentation
increased intracranial pressure
38
Causes of Vitamin D deficiency
- Poverty - Lack of sunlight/dark skin - Lack in the diet/prolonged breast feeding - Amateur vegetarians - Malabsorption
39
Best known problem d/t VITAMIN D/Calcium/Phosphate deficiency (20ng/dL or less)
Rickets
40
What lack of Vit D does to cause rickets
Osteoid does not calcify well and chondrocytes don't line up normally.
41
80ng/dL
Suggested range for 25-hydroxyvitamin D
42
Vitamin D excess causes
Kidney stones
43
Vitamin E deficiency demographic
Preemies | Pts w/ fat malabsorption
44
Vitamin E deficiency in preemies causes (until supplementation)
hemolysis
45
Vit K function
gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid to make clotting factors 2, 7, 9, 10 C, S
46
Result of Vitamin K deficiency in babies
BRAIN HEMORRHAGE | PVL - periventricular leukomalacia
47
Causes of Vitamin K deficiency
- Preemies, esp "milk obly" babies - Fat malabsorption - Functional deficiency: lvier failure, coumadin Rx
48
Thiamine
Vitamin B1 - water soluble
49
Causes of B1 (thiamine) deficiency
- alcoholic binge | - post bariatric surgery
50
Wet beri-beri
B1 deficiency | Cardiomyopathy
51
Dry beri-beri
B1 deficiency | neuropathy
52
Wernicke's encephalopathy
B1 deficiency CNS Prevent by giving glucose IV to B1-deficient pt
53
Korsakoff's Syndrome
B1 deficiency | amnesia and other psychiatric manifestations
54
Niacin
Vitamin B3
55
B3 deficiency
pallegra
56
Causes of B3 deficiency - Dietary
- Poverty - low niacin, low tryptophan - Grain-only diets - Anorexia, alcoholism
57
Causes of B3 deficiency - non-dietary
- carcinoid tumors (use up tryptophan) - malabsorption - taking isoniazid (also wastes B6) - Hartnup disease (wastes tryp)
58
AA in Beans | AA in maize
Beans - tryptophan and lysine | Maize - methionine and cysteine
59
Sign/symptoms of pellagra (D's)
dermatitia, diarrhea, dementia, death
60
Pantothenic acid
B5 | water soluble
61
"burning feet", painful parasthesia in lower leg
First sign of B5 deficiency
62
Pyridoxine
B6 | water soluble
63
Result of B6 deficiency
elevated homocysteine levels
64
B6 function
shuttle amino groups
65
Folic Acid
B9
66
B9 function
shuttle methyl groups
67
cause of megaloblastic anemia
B9 deficiency (and B12)
68
Causes of B9 deficiency
- junk food diet - alcoholics - pregnancy - phenytoin users (can't absorb) - malabsorption ("tropical sprue vicious cycle")
69
Cause of NT defects/cleft palate
B9 deficiency
70
Avidin
binds Biotin
71
severe eye, ear, brain damage is d/t
biotinidase and holocarboxylase deficiency
72
ascorbic acid
Vitamin C
73
Function of vitamin C
oxidizer needed to maintain collagen, etc.
74
Name of petechiae around hair follicles and coiled "corkscrew hairs"
Scurvy rash
75
Cause of arthralgias, joint effusion, bleeds
scurvy
76
Most common childhood nutritional problem
iron deficiency (mostly d/t diet)
77
hypochromic, microcytic anemia d/t
iron deficiency
78
koilonychia is a sign of
hypochromic anemia
79
genetic acrodermatitis enteropathica is d/t
Zinc deficiency - inability to take up zinc
80
Characterisitics of acrodermatitis enteropathica
- lesions around mouth, anus, extremities - thinning of hair - diarrhea
81
SLC39A4
Acrodermatitis enteropathica
82
Cause of anemia, bone deformity, depigmentation
copper deficiency
83
Mencke's Disease
Copper deficiency | Inborn error of metabolism
84
``` Keshan disease (China) Kashin-Beck disease (Central Asia) ```
selenium deficiency d/t lack of selenium in soil
85
what causes vulnerability to coxsackievirus
lack of selenium
86
Cause of mental retardation
iodine deficiency (d/t lack of seafood or iodized salt)
87
thyroid result of iodine deficiency
goiter
88
BMI over 30kg/m2
obese
89
BMI between 25-30 kg/m2
overweight
90
adiponectin contributes to...
hyperinsulinemia (Type II diabetes)
91
adiponectin function
fat burner, guards against obesity
92
Carcinogens exogenous
aflatoxin hepatocellular carcinoma
93
Carncinogens ondogenous
nitrosamines gastric cancers

MOD - Gustafson, Nutritional Diseases (1 decks)

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