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Nutritional Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

How does malnutrition develop?

A

interference with intake, absorption, or use of nutrients
increased requirements or excretion of nutrients
inhibition

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2
Q

What are the clinical signs of general malnutrition in horses?

A

causes the skin to become dry, scaly, thin, and inelastic
skin may become more susceptible to infections
hemorrhagic tendencies
pigmentary disturbances
hair coat becomes dry, dull, brittle, thinned, and perhaps faded in color
Normal hair shedding and regrowth can be impaired

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3
Q

What percentage protein is hair?

A

95%

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4
Q

What percentage of an animal’s daily protein requirement does normal growth of hair and the keratinization of skin require?

A

25-30%

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5
Q

What are the cutaneous manifestations of protein deficiency?

A

hyperkeratosis
cutaneous atrophy
pigmentary disturbances
- epidermal hyperpigmentation
- loss of hair pigment
dry, dull, brittle, thin, faded, and easily epilated hair
- patchy alopecia
Poor hair growth/prolonged shedding
Poor wound healing
Severe hypoproteinemia
results in cutaneous edema

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6
Q

Which enzymes are copper an essential component of?

A

many oxidative enzymes ex.:
- tyrosinase
- ascorbic acid oxidase
- lysyl oxidase
- cytochrome oxidase
Also has roles in erythropoiesis, reproduction, and iron utilization

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7
Q

What causes copper deficiency (hypocuprosis)?

A

dietary deficiency
interference with absorption by zinc or cadmium

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8
Q

What are the typical clinical signs of copper deficiency?

A

hair coat fading or leukotrichia (tyrosinase)
- “spectacled” horses
Pica
Impaired bone growth

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9
Q

What dogs have a genetic predisposition for copper-associated hepatopathy (CAH)?

A

Belington terrier and Labrador retriever are two breeds where the mutation has been identified
- other breeds but mutation not identified

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10
Q

What are the causes of iodine deficiency?

A

Decreased intake
- certain soils ex. Great Lakes, Northern plains, PNW
goitrogens that interfere with thyroidal iodine uptake
- thiocyanates
- perchlorates
- rubidium salts
- arsenic

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of iodine deficiency in horses?

A

weak foals with variable hair loss and thickened, puffy (myxedematous) skin
goiter may or may not be visible externally.

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12
Q

What is zinc used for in body metabolism

A

muscle and bone growth
feed use
normal reproductive function
taste and smell acuity
normal leukocyte function normal keratogenesis
wound healing
component of over 70 metalloenzymes

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13
Q

What supplementation needs to occur with hepatocutaneous syndrome?

A

Amino acids
arginine, leucine, lysine, methionine, proline, threonine, valine

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14
Q

What does linoleic acid do?

A

Omega-6 fatty acid
Component of epidermal ceramides
Involved in maintaining epidermal water permeability barrier

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15
Q

What does arachidonic acid do?

A

Omega-6 fatty acid
Essential in cats only
Regulates epidermal proliferation via metabolism into prostaglandin E2
- without PGE2 –> too much proliferation

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16
Q

What does a-linolenic acid do?

A

Omega-3 fatty acid
The eicosanoids produced from omega-3 fatty acids are less inflammatory than those produced from arachidonic acid
“Anti-inflammatory” fatty acid

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17
Q

How can food storage affect fatty acid quantity/quality in commercial pet foods?

A

Oxidation may occur in canned food after 1 year and dry food after 6 months, especially if food is stored at a higher temperature

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of fatty acid deficiency?

A

develop in patients eating a diet containing <1% EFAs
initial “dry phase”: fine scaling, loss of hair luster and sheen
Followed by alopecia, secondary bacterial infection, greasy & lichenified skin, pruritus
if arachidonic, epidermal hyperplasia, hypergranulosis, orthokeratotic to parakeratotic hyperkeratosis

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19
Q

What are the clinical signs of deficiency and excessive iodine?

A

Signs of deficiency:
- Hypothyroidism
- goiter
- alopecia
- infertility
- lethargy
- myxedema
Signs of toxicity
- Decreased thyroid function

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20
Q

What are the primary functions of manganese in the body?

A

Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

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21
Q

What is the typical dermatological sign associated with manganese deficiency?

A

partial albinism

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22
Q

What bodily functions is zinc required for?

A

Component of enzyme systems (protein & carbohydrate metabolism):
- fatty acid synthesis
- Vitamin A metabolism
- maturation of skin cells
- healthy hair coat
- normal immune function

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23
Q

What are signs of zinc deficiency?

A

Impaired growth
scale + parakeratosis
depigmentation of hair
infertility
- testicular hypoplasia
impaired wound healing
increased susceptibility to infections
- needed for T cell development in the thymus

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24
Q

What are signs of zinc toxicity?

A

May interfere with absorption of calcium and/or copper
acute toxicity can lead to hemolytic anemia

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25
What are the histopathologic findings associated with zinc deficiency/zinc responsive dermatoses?
* marked epidermal and follicular parakeratosis Papillomatosis, spongiosis, and eosinophilic/lymphocytic superficial perivascular dermatitis are also common findings
26
Why does zinc deficiency cause parakeratosis?
due to the insufficient function of zinc-related lytic enzymes and/or an increase in epidermal cell turnover time (and thus a lack of time for hydrolysis of the nuclei)
27
What is Zinc-Responsive Dermatosis Syndrome I?
Huskies, Malamutes > Dobermans, Great Danes Potentially poor intestinal absorption versus increase need - have normal circulating levels Usually onset is early adulthood - can worsen with stress and estrus
28
What are the clinical signs associated with Zinc Responsive Dermatosis Syndrome I?
Erythema, alopecia, scaling, crusting around mouth, eyes, ears, and paws Pruritus in “normal” skin can be the hallmark of a pending relapse Other body orifices can be affected Claws can develop onychomalacia
29
What is the treatment of Zinc-Responsive Dermatosis Syndrome I?
2-3 mg/kg/day elemental zinc low dose steroids - increases metallothionein +/- omega 3/6 fatty acids +/- phytase to the diet to hydrolyze phytates in food
30
What is Zinc-Responsive Dermatosis Syndrome II?
Seen in rapidly growing puppies or young adults fed zinc-deficient diets or diets high in calcium/iron/phytate hyperkeratotic plaques over areas of repeated trauma, foot pads, nasal planum, secondary pyoderma, fissuring
31
What are the signs of zinc‐responsive dermatoses in farm animals?
More or less symmetrical erythema and scaling progress to crusting and alopecia face, pinnae, mucocutaneous junctions, pressure points, distal legs, flanks, and tail head are typically affected dull, rough, brittle hair coat variable pruritus usually have systemic signs
32
What is magnesium needed for in bodily functions?
Enzyme activator constituent of skeletal tissue required for muscle and nerve function energy metabolism protein synthesis
33
What are some signs of magnesium deficiency?
Calcification of soft tissues stunted growth spreading of toes seizures hypersalivation
34
What are some signs of magnesium toxicosis?
Diarrhea, urolithiasis, cystitis
35
What are the role of sodium in bodily functions?
Muscle contractions maintenance of body fluids component of bile/muscle/nerve function
36
What are clinical signs of sodium deficiency?
Salt hunger pica weight loss fatigue polyuria impaired milk secretion
37
What are clinical signs of sodium toxicity?
Pruritus thirst constipation anorexia
38
What are the primary roles of phosphorous in bodily functions?
Part of DNA and RNA bone and tooth formation component of enzyme systems
39
What are the clinical signs of phosphorous deficiency?
Rough hair coat pica anorexia slow growth rickets osteomalacia
40
What are clinical signs of phosphorous toxicity?
Impaired skeletal development secondary calcium deficiency kidney damage
41
What are primary roles of calcium in bodily functions?
Bone & tooth formation blood clotting enzyme activation - many in skin development muscle contraction nerve impulse transmission
42
What are the clinical signs of calcium deficiency?
Rickets in young osteomalacia in old lameness stiffness constipation anorexia loss of teeth tetany with acute deficiency
43
What causes parakeratosis in swine?
Dietary zinc essential fatty acids calcium and other chelating agents other disease conditions typically occurs in housed feeder pigs between the ages of 7 and 20 weeks
44
What are the clinical signs of parakeratosis in swine?
symmetrical erythematous macules and papules appear on the ventral abdomen and medial thighs dermatitis then becomes widespread and brownish‐to blackish crusts develop No pruritus or greasiness
45
What are the clinical signs of calcium toxicosis?
Impaired skeletal development secondary deficiencies of other minerals like zinc, phosphorus, and copper
46
What are some clinical signs of selenium toxicity?
nausea vomiting nail discoloration, brittleness, and loss - onychomadesis - Erythema and swelling of the coronary band with separation of the hoof wall bilateral hair fragility/loss fatigue cardiac lesions peracute death if acute garlic odor to the breath
47
What is the role of selenium in bodily functions?
integral to numerous enzymes and proteins, including glutathione peroxidase, which prevents oxidative injury, as well as several enzymes involved in thyroid hormone homeostasis
48
What are the typical clinical signs of selenium deficiency?
nutritional myopathy hepatosis dietetica in swine exudative diathesis in growing chickens cardiomyopathy in humans abortion/stillbirth
49
What is the function of selenium linked to?
Vitamin E A selenium deficiency can therefore partially be compensated if there is enough vitamin E and visa-versa
50
What is the role of Vitamin A in bodily functions?
Important in cellular metabolism and regeneration in eyes Required for normal maturation of skin and hair follicles Essential for normal epithelial tissue lining in digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts Required for proper immune system functioning
51
What are clinical signs of Vitamin A deficiency?
Epidermal hyperkeratosis, scaling, and seborrhea Occlusion of sebaceous ducts - Follicular casting in cocker spaniels with true Vitamin A deficiency Papules associated with follicular hyperkeratosis Poor hair coat & alopecia Reproductive failure Retinal degeneration and night blindness Excessive lacrimation Neurologic disorders Decreased serum concentrations of iron, albumin, and cholesterol Increased susceptibility to infections
52
What are clinical signs of Vitamin A toxicosis?
Epidermal scaling, unkempt hair coat, anorexia, weight loss, bone decalcification, liver damage Hypervitaminosis A can occur as a result of large amounts of liver ingestion Reproductive abnormalities Decreased tear production Hepatopathy
53
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
vitamins A, D, E, and K
54
What are the primary roles of Vitamin D in bodily functions?
Required for normal calcium absorption and metabolism Essential for normal bone development 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 also has role in regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation
55
What are the clinical signs of Vitamin D deficiency?
Rickets in young patients Osteomalacia in adults Chest deformity Poor eruption of teeth Risk of cardiovascular disease Increased cancer risk
56
What are the typical clinical signs of Vitamin D toxicity?
Increased blood calcium levels Soft tissue calcification Diarrhea Kidney failure Death
57
What form of Vitamin D is made in the skin?
cholecalciferol (D3)
58
What form of Vitamin D is made by plants?
ergocalciferol (D2)
59
How do cats and dogs get most of their Vitamin D?
acquire most of their vitamin D through diet - UV-mediated production in the skin serving an insignificant role - cats need Vitamin D3
60
What converts Vitamin D to stable, long-lived metabolites?
cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver
61
What anticancer activities does Vitamin D have?
1,25(OH)2D induces apoptosis and reduces cancer cell growth
62
How do humans get most of their Vitamin D?
UVB photons entering the skin
63
What are the primary roles of Vitamin E in bodily functions?
Antioxidant Protects cells from oxidative damage May have role in normal immune function Scavenges free radicals produced during lipid metabolism Reduces prostaglandin E2 synthesis, which at high levels can yield free radical production and cause oxidative stress - helps prevent against this PUFA-induced oxidative stress increases IL-2 - can be used at supraphysiologic doses to modulate inflammation - work synergistically with Vitamin A
64
What are clinical signs of Vitamin E deficiency?
Pansteatitis - Classic example: cat fed high red tuna diet (high in PUFA) without vitamin E supplementation - see panniculitis and ceroid (product of lipid peroxidation) on histopathology) Seborrhea Muscle dystrophy Reproductive failure Intestinal lipofuscinosis Impaired immunity with predisposition to bacterial skin infections & demodicosis (dogs)
65
What are the primary role of Vitamin K in bodily functions?
Required for formation of clotting factors and normal blood clotting
66
What are the typical clinical signs of Vitamin K deficiency?
Hemorrhage & increased bleeding times Elevated Prothrombin Time (PT)
67
What are the primary roles of Vitamin C in bodily functions?
Antioxidants Formation and maintenance of matrix of bone, cartilage, and connective tissue
68
What are reasons for Vitamin A deficiency?
Deficient diets - poor-quality forage - horse fed grains such as barley or oats (low Vit A) Foods stored for prolonged periods of time - rapidly destroyed by oxygen and light
69
What is Vitamin C–Responsive Dermatosis in cattle?
may represent a temporary vitamin C deficiency in growing calves most often seen in the fall and winter in temperate climates Moderate to severe scaling, alopecia, occasional crusts, and easy epilation of hairs begin on the head and/or limbs Extremities are erythematous, petechiae and ecchymoses are seen May be depressed and grow slowly
70
Which animals have an absolute need for Vitamin C?
do not all have a phylogenetic relationship with each other - humans - non-human primates - guinea pigs (10 mg/kg/day) - capybara - some birds and fish - maybe some snakes Need can increase with pregnancy or stress
71
What are clinical signs of hypovitaminosis C?
early cutaneous signs are roughened hair coat, and scaling of the pinnae - progress to generalized scaling with petechiae, ecchymoses/hematomas defects in connective tissue - wound dehiscence - poor wound healing - loosening of teeth corkscrew hairs perifollicular hemorrhages Bleeding and anemia - gingival bleeding rickets increased susceptibility to infections
72
When does hypovitaminosis C typically occur in guinea pigs?
fed commercial rabbit food or an outdated guinea pig ration as the sole source of nutrition can play a role in bumblefoot
73
What is the primary roles of thiamine (B1) in bodily functions?
Component of two coenzymes essential in carbohydrate metabolism and energy transfer Promotes normal health and digestion and normal nerve function
74
What is the primary roles of riboflavin (B2) in bodily functions?
Forms part of two coenzymes with roles in energy transfer and protein metabolism Component of xanthine oxidase required for epithelial cell maturation
74
What are the clinical signs of thiamine (B1) deficiency?
Anorexia weight loss vomiting dehydration ventral flexion of the neck paralysis incoordination
75
What are the clinical signs of riboflavin (B2) deficiency?
Stunted growth dry scaly skin, erythema posterior muscle weakness anemia ocular lesions (pannus) glossitis reduced fertility testicular hypoplasia fatty liver
76
What are the clinical signs of pyridoxine (B6) deficiency?
Dermatitis with dull, waxy, unkempt hair coat, alopecia and scaling Seizures anemia high serum iron anorexia weight loss impaired growth
77
What is the primary roles of pyridoxine (B6) in bodily functions?
Part of enzyme involved in protein metabolism Essential for normal metabolism of tryptophan
78
What is the primary roles of cobalamin (B12) in bodily functions?
Required for synthesis of nucleic acids Involved in purine synthesis and carbohydrate and fat metabolism
79
What are the clinical signs of cobalamin (B12) deficiency?
Anemia impaired growth posterior incoordination
80
What is the primary roles of niacin (B3) in bodily functions?
Component of two coenzymes with roles in energy transfer Required for metabolism
81
What are the clinical signs of niacin (B3) deficiency?
Black tongue Pruritic dermatitis Diarrhea dementia anorexia anemia emaciation death
82
Deficiency of which vitamin can cause a black tongue?
Niacin (B3)
82
What are the clinical signs of niacin toxicosis?
Cutaneous flushing Pruritus
83
What is the primary roles of pantothenic acid (B5) in bodily functions?
Constituent of coenzyme A required for normal metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
84
What are the clinical signs of pantothenic acid (B5) deficiency?
Anorexia stunted growth hypoglycemia uremia gastroenteritis seizures fatty liver coma death
85
What is the primary roles of folic acid (B9) in bodily functions?
Required for normal red blood cell development and DNA synthesis
86
What are the clinical signs of folic acid (B9) deficiency?
Anemia leukopenia stunted growth glossitis
87
What is the primary roles of biotin (B7) in bodily functions?
Required for metabolism of fats & amino acids Essential for skin and hair health Functions in enzyme systems
88
What are the clinical signs of biotin (B7) deficiency?
Scaly dermatitis, alopecia Anorexia weakness diarrhea progressive spasticity posterior paralysis
89
Deficiency of which vitamins/minerals can cause pruritus?
Zinc EFAs Niacin
90
Toxicity of which vitamins/minerals can cause pruritus?
Sodium Niacin
91
What causes hypovitaminosis A in birds?
an all-seed diet - Amazon parrots are predisposed
92
What are the clinical signs of hypovitaminosis A in birds?
Hyperkeratosis of the skin is evident white plaques in the oral mucosa Rhinitis and blepharitis Can contribute to bumblefoot Overgrown beak and claws Palor in Factor Canary Susceptibility to Cnemidocoptidae
93
What causes Angel-Wing in waterfowl?
overfeeding due to a diet too high in protein and energy a relative vitamin E deficiency
94
What can vitamin A deficiency do to lizards and chelonians?
impaction/swelling of temporal/femoral/precloacal pores glands, stomatitis, closed eyes - squamous metaplasia of glands
95
What causes hypovitaminosis E in lizards and what problems can arise?
High-fat diets secondary steatites
96
What causes hypovitaminosis A in turtles and terrapins?
all-meat diet
97
What causes "yellow ears/yellow fat" in chinchillas?
diet deficient in choline, methionine or Vitamin E
98
What causes cotton fur syndrome in chincillas?
high protein diet (crude protein >28%) - weak textured hair
99
What are omega-3 fatty acids?
fatty acids that have the first double bond three carbon molecules away from the methyl group
100
What are omega-6 fatty acids?
fatty acids that have the first double bond six carbons from the methyl group
101
Which desaturase enzyme is deficient in atopic humans and dogs?
D-6-desaturase deficiency
102
Why are omega-3 fatty acids anti-inflammatory in the skin?
skin is deficient in desaturase enzymes competes with arachidonic acid for cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes
103
What are signs of hypovitaminosis A in young chelonians?
palpebral edema, aural abscesses, sometimes dyskeratosis
104
What are the clinical signs of hypovitaminosis C in chelonians and snakes?
stomatitis
105
What causes steatitis in snakes?
diet too high in fats (fish, obese rats) which leads to unsaturated fatty acid oxidation and a secondary vitamin E deficiency

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