Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Pathology > Nutritional Diseases > Flashcards

Nutritional Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Also referred to as protein energy malnutrition or PEM

A

Malnutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Consequence of inadequate intake of proteins and calories, or deficiencies in the digestion or absorption of proteins, resulting in the loss of fat and muscle tissue, weight loss, lethargy, and generalized weakness

A

Malnutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Malnutrition is also referred to as?

A

Protein energy malnutrition or PEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Often lethal disease affecting children

A

Severe protein energy malnutrition or PEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Common in low-income countries

A

Severe protein energy malnutrition or PEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

25% of children may be affected

A

Severe protein energy malnutrition or PEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Major factor in the high death rates among children younger than 5 years

A

Severe protein energy malnutrition or PEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In the West Africa country of Niger, which suffered a severe famine. In that country, malnutrition was a direct or indirect cause of mortality in how many percent (a) of children under age (b)?

A

a. 60%
b. 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Decreased food intake can also occur due to sharp increases in prices, as was seen in the first half of?

A

2008

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Two ends of the spectrum of PEM syndromes

A
  1. Marasmus
  2. Kwashiorkor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Two differentially regulated protein compartments in the body

A
  1. Somatic compartment (Marasmus)
  2. Visceral compartment (Kwashiorkor)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Represented by proteins in skeletal muscles

A

Somatic compartment (Marasmus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Represented by protein stores in the visceral organs, primarily the liver

A

Visceral compartment (Kwashiorkor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When weight falls to 60% of normal for sex, height, and age

A

Marasmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Growth retardation and loss of muscle

A

Marasmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Anemia and manifestations of multiple vitamin deficiencies are present

A

Marasmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Concurrent infections of marasmus

A

Immune deficiency, particularly T cell-mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

This seems to be an adaptive response that provides the body with amino acids as a source of energy

A

Loss of muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The visceral protein compartment, which is presumably more precious and critical for survival, is only marginally depleted, and hence _____ levels are either normal or only slightly reduced

A

Serum albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In addition to muscle proteins, _____ is also mobilized and used as fuel

A

Subcutaneous fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The production of ______ is low, which may stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to produce high levels of cortisol that contribute to lipolysis

A

Leptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Protein deprivation is relatively greater than the reduction in total calories

A

Kwashiorkor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Most common form of PEM seen in African children who have been weaned too early and subsequently fed, almost exclusively, a carbohydrate diet

A

Kwashiorkor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

High in impoverished countries of Southeast Asia

A

Kwashiorkor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Less severe forms worldwide of Kwashiorkor

A

a. Chronic diarrheal states in which protein is not absorbed
b. Chronic protein loss due to conditions such
c. Protein-losing enteropathies
d. Nephrotic syndrome
e. Extensive burns
f. Fad diets or replacement of milk by rice-based beverages have been reported in the United States

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

______ is associated with severe loss of the visceral protein department, and the resultant ________ gives rise to generalized or dependent

A

a. Edema-marked protein deprivation
b. Hypoalbuminemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Masked by the increased fluid retention in relative sparing of subcutaneous fat and muscle mass

A

Loss of weight

27
Q

Alternating zones of hyperpigmentations, areas of desquamation, and hypopigmentation, giving a “flaky paint” appearance

A

Characteristic skin lesions

28
Q

Include overall loss of color or alternating bands of pale and darker hair

A

Hair changes

29
Q

Other features that distinguish kwashiorkor from marasmus

A

a. Fatty liver (resulting from reduced synthesis of the carrier protein of lipoproteins)
b. Apathy, listlessness, and loss of appetite
c. Vitamin deficiencies
d. Defects in immunity and secondary infections

30
Q

Liver is
a. Enlarged
b. Unenlarged

A

a. Kwashiorkor
b. Marasmus

31
Q

Small bowel
a. Decrease in the mitotic index in the crypts of the glands, associated with mucosal atrophy and loss of villi and microvilli
b. Similar with kwashiorkor but rare

A

a. Kwashiorkor
b. Marasmus

32
Q

Bone marrow are both hypoplastic in

A

Kwashiorkor and Marasmus

33
Q

Brain has cerebral atrophy, a reduced number of neurons and impaired myelinization of white matter in

A

Kwashiorkor and Marasmus

34
Q

This is more marked in kwashiorkor than in marasmus

A

Thymic and lymphoid atrophy

35
Q

How many vitamins are necessary for health?

A

13

36
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

37
Q

______ are more readily stored in the body, but they may be poorly absorbed in fat malabsorption disorders, caused by disturbances of digestive functions

A

Fat-soluble vitamins

38
Q

Deficiency disease of this vitamin is loss of vision
- Symptoms: poor vision, loss of vision in darkness, sometimes complete loss of vision

A

Vitamin A

39
Q

Deficiency disease of this vitamin is beriberi
- Symptoms: weak muscles and very little energy to work

A

Vitamin B1

40
Q

Deficiency disease of this vitamin is scurvy
- Symptoms: bleeding gums, wounds take longer time to heal

A

Vitamin C

41
Q

Deficiency disease of this vitamin is rickets
- Symptoms: bones becomes soft and bent

A

Vitamin D

42
Q

Deficiency disease of this vitamin is bone and tooth decay
- Symptoms: weak bones, tooth decay

A

Calcium

43
Q

Deficiency disease of this vitamin is goiter
- Symptoms: glands in the neck appear swollen, mental disability in children

A

Iodine

44
Q

Deficiency disease of this vitamin is anaemia
- Symptoms: weakness

A

Iron

45
Q

Best prevention and treatment of rickets

A

Sunlight

46
Q

Deficiency disease of Vitamin B1 (Give its other name)

A
  • Thiamine
    a. Beriberi
    b. Wernicke Syndrome
47
Q

Deficiency disease of Vitamin B2 (Give its other name)

A
  • Riboflavin
    a. Ariboflavinosis
    b. Glossitis
    c. Angular stomatitis
48
Q

Deficiency disease of Vitamin B3 (Give its other name)

A
  • Niacin
    Pellagra
49
Q

Deficiency disease of Vitamin B5 (Give its other name)

A
  • Pantothenic acid
    Paresthesia
50
Q

Deficiency disease of Vitamin B6 (Give its other name)

A
  • Pyridoxine
    a. Anemia
    b. Peripheral neuropathy
51
Q

Deficiency disease of folate

A

a. Megaloblastic anemia
b. Deficiency during pregnancy is associated with birth defects, such as neural tube defects

52
Q

Deficiency disease of Vitamin B12 (Give its other name)

A
  • Cobalomin/ Cyanocobalomin
    Megaloblastic anemia
53
Q

Deficiency disease of Vitamin C

A

Scurvy

54
Q

Vitamin E deficiency
a. Function
b. Deficiency state

A

a. Antioxidant
b. Diet, malabsorption

55
Q

Tocopherols deficiency
a. Function
b. Deficiency state

A

a. Free radical scavenger
b. Neuromascular deficits

56
Q

Vitamin K deficiency
a. Function
b. Deficiency state

A

a. Clotting factors II, VII, IX, X
b. Malabsorption, loss of gut flora, Coumadin therapy bleeding

57
Q

Thiamine/ Vitamin B1 deficiency
a. Function
b. Deficiency state

A

a. Enzyme co-factor, nerve conduction
b. Diet, EtOH, Polyneuropathy, cardiomyopathy, Wernicke-Korsakoff

58
Q

Riboflavine/ Vitamin B2 deficiency
a. Function
b. Deficiency state

A

a. Enzyme co-factor
b. Diet, EtOH, Cheilosis, Glossitis, Dermatitis (atrophy)

59
Q

Niacin deficiency
a. Function
b. Deficiency state

A

a. Enzyme co-factor
b. Pellagra, dermitis, diarrhaea, dementia

60
Q

Pyridoxine/ Vitamin B6 deficiency
a. Function
b. Deficiency state

A

a. Enzyme co-factor
b. Drugs (INH), EtOH, Similar to riboflavin and niacin deficiency

61
Q

Vitamin C deficiency
a. Function
b. Deficiency state

A

a. Hydroxylation of proteins, Antioxidant
b. Scurvy, weak connective tissue, bleeding, fractures, gingival swelling, periodontal disease, poor wound healing

62
Q

Excess of this vitamin can develop due to improper functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and diseases that prevent the formation and excretion of bile

A

Vitamin K

63
Q

__________ and ________ are the only pronounced symptoms of vitamin K deficiency that occur due to blood clotting disorders

A

Bleeding and hemorrhage

64
Q

Vitamin C deficiency symptoms:

A

a. Bleeding gums
b. Petechiae and ecchymosis
c. Perifollicular hemorrhages
d. Splinter haemorrhages
e. Joint effusion
f. Anemia

General Pathology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions