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GI/Hepatic > Nutritional Deficiencies > Flashcards

Nutritional Deficiencies Flashcards

1
Q

What was the food mantra of the United States throughout the 20th century?

A

‘Eat more’ changed to ‘eat less’

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2
Q

What does primary malnutrition result from?

A

One or all components missing from diet

Example: lack of access to food or fortified foods

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3
Q

What is secondary malnutrition?

A

Results from malabsorption, impaired utilization or storage, excess loss, increased need for nutrients

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4
Q

What are the somatic and visceral protein components of the body?

A

Somatic: proteins in skeletal muscles
Visceral: protein stores in visceral organs, primarily liver

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5
Q

What are the clinical effects of kwashiorkor?

A

Impaired growth, edema, skin changes, and fatty liver

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6
Q

What is marasmus characterized by?

A

Growth restriction, loss of muscle from catabolism, and depletion of the somatic protein compartment

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7
Q

What are common selected deficiencies of vitamins and trace minerals?

A

Vitamin A, thiamine, pyridoxine, folate

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8
Q

What is the weight-for-height ratio defining severe acute malnutrition according to WHO?

A

3 standard deviations below normal range

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9
Q

What BMI is considered malnutrition?

A

BMI < 16 kg/m²

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10
Q

What is a key clinical feature of anorexia nervosa?

A

Amenorrhea

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: Vitamins A, D, E, and K are _______.

A

Fat-soluble

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12
Q

What is the primary dietary source of vitamin A?

A

Animal-derived foods such as liver, fish, eggs, milk, and butter

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13
Q

What condition is characterized by self-induced starvation?

A

Anorexia nervosa

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14
Q

What is the effect of chronic alcohol use on nutrient absorption?

A

Deficiencies of vitamins and defects in gastrointestinal absorption

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15
Q

What is kwashiorkor associated with in terms of protein levels?

A

Severe depletion of visceral protein and hypoalbuminemia

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16
Q

True or False: Marasmus is primarily characterized by visceral protein depletion.

A

False

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17
Q

What are the clinical features of bulimia?

A

Binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting

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18
Q

What is the significance of the first 1000 days from conception to 2 years?

A

Critical for preventing stunting due to macronutrient and micronutrient deficiency

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19
Q

What are the consequences of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Phrynoderma, poor absorption in newborns, malabsorption syndromes in adults

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20
Q

What is the role of vitamins and minerals in the body?

A

Function as coenzymes, precursors to coenzymes, or hormones in metabolic pathways

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21
Q

What is a major complication of anorexia nervosa?

A

Increased susceptibility to cardiac dysrhythmia and sudden death

22
Q

What is the appearance of hair in kwashiorkor?

A

Overall loss of color and alternating bands of pale and darker hair

23
Q

What are the effects of acute phase reactants during malnutrition?

A

Cytokine release can increase daily nutrient requirements

24
Q

Fill in the blank: Chronic protein loss due to conditions like _______ can lead to kwashiorkor.

A

Protein-losing enteropathies

25
Q

What is the characteristic appearance of skin in marasmus?

A

Dry, wrinkled, and loose

26
Q

What is the effect of infections on vitamin A bioavailability?

A

May reduce bioavailability by inhibiting retinol binding protein synthesis

27
Q

What is the impact of malnutrition on children in developed countries?

A

Stunting and low birthweight due to chronic deficiencies

28
Q

What are the dietary sources of carotenoids contributing to vitamin A?

A

Carrots, squash, and spinach

29
Q

What is a common finding in both kwashiorkor and marasmus?

A

Vitamin deficiencies and defects in immunity

30
Q

What is the primary storage location for vitamin A in the body?

A

Liver, predominantly in stellate (Ito) cells

31
Q

What is Vitamin A deficiency also known as?

A

Phrynoderma

32
Q

What factors can deplete vitamin A stores in children?

A

Infections

33
Q

List some conditions that lead to malabsorption of Vitamin A in adults.

A
  • Celiac disease
  • Crohn disease
  • Colitis
  • Bariatric surgery
  • Chronic use of mineral oil as a laxative
34
Q

Which epithelia are affected by Vitamin A deficiency?

A
  • Ocular epithelium
  • Upper respiratory lining
  • Urinary tract
  • Epidermis
35
Q

What is one of the symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency related to vision?

A

Night blindness

36
Q

What are the symptoms of Vitamin A toxicity?

A
  • Headache
  • Dizziness
  • Vomiting
  • Stupor
  • Blurred vision
37
Q

True or False: Retinoids are safe to use during pregnancy.

A

False

38
Q

What is the best-established function of Vitamin C?

A

Activation of prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases

39
Q

What condition is caused by Vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy

40
Q

List some classic findings of Vitamin C deficiency.

A
  • Bone disease in growing children
  • Hemorrhages
  • Healing defects
41
Q

What are the dietary sources of Vitamin C?

A
  • Milk
  • Animal products (liver, fish)
  • Variety of fruits and vegetables
42
Q

What is a common misconception about Vitamin C excess?

A

That megadoses protect against the common cold

43
Q

Fill in the blank: Vitamin C is not synthesized ________ in humans.

A

endogenously

44
Q

What is the classic symptom of Niacin deficiency?

A

Pellagra

45
Q

List the three classic symptoms of Pellagra.

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Dementia
  • Dermatitis
46
Q

What dietary sources are rich in Niacin?

A
  • Animal proteins
  • Eggs
  • Milk
  • Vegetables
47
Q

What skin condition is characteristic of Niacin deficiency?

A

Photosensitive eruption

48
Q

What is the mnemonic for the symptoms of Pellagra?

A

The three Ds: diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis

49
Q

What can Niacin be clinically used for?

A
  • Lower triglycerides
  • Lower LDL
  • Raise HDL
50
Q

What adverse effect can occur with Niacin use?

A

Flushing

51
Q

What are the neurologic symptoms associated with Niacin deficiency?

A
  • Apathy
  • Depression
  • Muscle weakness
  • Seizures
  • Dementia

GI/Hepatic (1 decks)

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