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Nutritional Deficiencies Flashcards

1
Q

What was the food mantra of the United States throughout the 20th century?

A

‘Eat more’ changed to ‘eat less’

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2
Q

What does primary malnutrition result from?

A

One or all components missing from diet

Example: lack of access to food or fortified foods

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3
Q

What is secondary malnutrition?

A

Results from malabsorption, impaired utilization or storage, excess loss, increased need for nutrients

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4
Q

What are the somatic and visceral protein components of the body?

A

Somatic: proteins in skeletal muscles
Visceral: protein stores in visceral organs, primarily liver

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5
Q

What are the clinical effects of kwashiorkor?

A

Impaired growth, edema, skin changes, and fatty liver

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6
Q

What is marasmus characterized by?

A

Growth restriction, loss of muscle from catabolism, and depletion of the somatic protein compartment

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7
Q

What are common selected deficiencies of vitamins and trace minerals?

A

Vitamin A, thiamine, pyridoxine, folate

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8
Q

What is the weight-for-height ratio defining severe acute malnutrition according to WHO?

A

3 standard deviations below normal range

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9
Q

What BMI is considered malnutrition?

A

BMI < 16 kg/m²

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10
Q

What is a key clinical feature of anorexia nervosa?

A

Amenorrhea

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: Vitamins A, D, E, and K are _______.

A

Fat-soluble

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12
Q

What is the primary dietary source of vitamin A?

A

Animal-derived foods such as liver, fish, eggs, milk, and butter

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13
Q

What condition is characterized by self-induced starvation?

A

Anorexia nervosa

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14
Q

What is the effect of chronic alcohol use on nutrient absorption?

A

Deficiencies of vitamins and defects in gastrointestinal absorption

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15
Q

What is kwashiorkor associated with in terms of protein levels?

A

Severe depletion of visceral protein and hypoalbuminemia

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16
Q

True or False: Marasmus is primarily characterized by visceral protein depletion.

A

False

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17
Q

What are the clinical features of bulimia?

A

Binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting

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18
Q

What is the significance of the first 1000 days from conception to 2 years?

A

Critical for preventing stunting due to macronutrient and micronutrient deficiency

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19
Q

What are the consequences of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Phrynoderma, poor absorption in newborns, malabsorption syndromes in adults

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20
Q

What is the role of vitamins and minerals in the body?

A

Function as coenzymes, precursors to coenzymes, or hormones in metabolic pathways

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21
Q

What is a major complication of anorexia nervosa?

A

Increased susceptibility to cardiac dysrhythmia and sudden death

22
Q

What is the appearance of hair in kwashiorkor?

A

Overall loss of color and alternating bands of pale and darker hair

23
Q

What are the effects of acute phase reactants during malnutrition?

A

Cytokine release can increase daily nutrient requirements

24
Q

Fill in the blank: Chronic protein loss due to conditions like _______ can lead to kwashiorkor.

A

Protein-losing enteropathies

25
What is the characteristic appearance of skin in marasmus?
Dry, wrinkled, and loose
26
What is the effect of infections on vitamin A bioavailability?
May reduce bioavailability by inhibiting retinol binding protein synthesis
27
What is the impact of malnutrition on children in developed countries?
Stunting and low birthweight due to chronic deficiencies
28
What are the dietary sources of carotenoids contributing to vitamin A?
Carrots, squash, and spinach
29
What is a common finding in both kwashiorkor and marasmus?
Vitamin deficiencies and defects in immunity
30
What is the primary storage location for vitamin A in the body?
Liver, predominantly in stellate (Ito) cells
31
What is Vitamin A deficiency also known as?
Phrynoderma
32
What factors can deplete vitamin A stores in children?
Infections
33
List some conditions that lead to malabsorption of Vitamin A in adults.
* Celiac disease * Crohn disease * Colitis * Bariatric surgery * Chronic use of mineral oil as a laxative
34
Which epithelia are affected by Vitamin A deficiency?
* Ocular epithelium * Upper respiratory lining * Urinary tract * Epidermis
35
What is one of the symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency related to vision?
Night blindness
36
What are the symptoms of Vitamin A toxicity?
* Headache * Dizziness * Vomiting * Stupor * Blurred vision
37
True or False: Retinoids are safe to use during pregnancy.
False
38
What is the best-established function of Vitamin C?
Activation of prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases
39
What condition is caused by Vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy
40
List some classic findings of Vitamin C deficiency.
* Bone disease in growing children * Hemorrhages * Healing defects
41
What are the dietary sources of Vitamin C?
* Milk * Animal products (liver, fish) * Variety of fruits and vegetables
42
What is a common misconception about Vitamin C excess?
That megadoses protect against the common cold
43
Fill in the blank: Vitamin C is not synthesized ________ in humans.
endogenously
44
What is the classic symptom of Niacin deficiency?
Pellagra
45
List the three classic symptoms of Pellagra.
* Diarrhea * Dementia * Dermatitis
46
What dietary sources are rich in Niacin?
* Animal proteins * Eggs * Milk * Vegetables
47
What skin condition is characteristic of Niacin deficiency?
Photosensitive eruption
48
What is the mnemonic for the symptoms of Pellagra?
The three Ds: diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis
49
What can Niacin be clinically used for?
* Lower triglycerides * Lower LDL * Raise HDL
50
What adverse effect can occur with Niacin use?
Flushing
51
What are the neurologic symptoms associated with Niacin deficiency?
* Apathy * Depression * Muscle weakness * Seizures * Dementia

GI/Hepatic (1 decks)

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