Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

nutrition > nutritional assessment and micronutrients > Flashcards

nutritional assessment and micronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

evaluation of a patient’s nutritional status based on subjective and objective clinical information

A

nutrition assessment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 functions of nutrition assessment

A
  1. assess quality and quantity of intake
  2. determine if medical nutrition therapy or counseling is warranted
  3. evaluate effectiveness of nutritional interventions
  4. monitor changes in nutritional status
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why are nutritional assessments important?

A
  1. obesity and malnourishment are common
  2. accurate nutritional assessment = better dx/tx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 things to consider while taking medical history

A
  1. Medical Hx - full history of past and current health problems
  2. Medication Use - full list of prescription and OTC meds
  3. Family Hx - emphasis on conditions that affect or are affected by nutritional intake
  4. Social Hx - traditional place in the history where diet information is obtained
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

place where they live, who they live with, their income, their transportation, etc., that have a big impact on a pt’s food selection and preparation

A

socioeconomic factors
considered when taking social hx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is retrospective questioning method

A

Ask the patient to write down everything consumed in the last 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is prospective dietary evaluation

A
  • Ask the patient to write down everything consumed daily, as they consume it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does prospective dietary evaluation help mitigate recall bias and provide a more accurate estimation

A
  • Requires greater patient compliance and later-date follow-up
  • Longer log period = greater accuracy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

BMI value for obese

A

+30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  • A measure of risk in normal weight and overweight/obese patients
  • Indicates excess fat in the abdominal area (visceral adipose tissue)
A

waist circumference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are macronutrients

A

proteins, carbs, fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are micronutrients

A

dietary substances consumed in smaller amounts than macronutrients, but still essential to the body
- vitamins
- mineral
-essential AA
- essential FA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

organic compounds required by the body for survival but generally not produced endogenously in sufficient amounts

A

vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are fat-soluble vitamins

A
  • A, D, E, K
  • excess intake is stored in fatty tissues
  • Deficiency usually seen in fat malabsorption syndromes (bariatric surgery, GI illness)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are water-soluble vitamins

A
  • B complex and C
  • generally widely available in foods, only limited storage in the body
  • Deficiency usually seen in patients with poor nutritional intake or malabsorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which vitamin class would patients have a higher chance of toxicity from?

A

fat-soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

similar metabolic roles to vitamins, but have no known deficiency syndrome and/or are made endogenously

A

vitamin-like substances
Choline
Taurine
l-Carnitine
Inositol
Bioflavonoids
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Coenzyme Q (CoQ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

role of thiamine (B1)

A

neuro metabolism*
glucose metabolism
antioxidant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

who is usually deficient in thiamine (B1)

A

alcoholics*
poor diet/restricted diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

symptoms of deficiency of thiamine B1

A

Beriberi - classic syndrome of deficiency
- Wet beriberi - cardiovascular - heart failure, cardiomegaly, edema, ↑ HR, SOB (fluid retention)
- Dry beriberi - neurologic - symmetrical sensory and motor neuropathy - Includes Wernicke’s Encephalopathy and Korsakoff Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

role of niacin B3

A

General metabolic processes throughout the body* - create NAD and NADP coenzymes, used for energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

who is usually deficient of niacin B3

A

alcoholics, anorexics, HIV*, malabsorption pts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Symptoms of deficiency of niacin B3

A

Pellagra - classic syndrome of deficiency
- “3 Ds” - photosensitive dermatitis*, diarrhea (with other GI symptoms), dementia (advanced)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

role of pyridoxine B6

A

protein and neurotransmitter metabolism, gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

who is usually deficient of pyridoxine B6

A
  • CKD, GI disease (IBD, celiac), autoimmune pts (kidney and gut problems)*
  • meds: oral contraceptives*, anti-TB, theophylline, L-dopa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

symptoms of deficiency of B6

A

anemia, dermatitis (including stomatitis), depression, seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

role of folate B9

A

amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism, cell division

28
Q

what is the most common nutrient deficiency in the US

A

folic acid/folate

29
Q

who is usually deficient of folate

A
  • alcoholics, poor diet (low veggie intake), smokers, malabsorption pts, MTHFR patients
  • meds: trimethoprim, methotrexate, phenytoin
30
Q

symptoms of deficiency of folate

A

anemia, glossitis/stomatitis, GI upset, fatigue

31
Q

role of Cobalamin/Cyanocobalamin (B12)

A

nucleic acid metabolism, conversion of folate to active form, numerous other metabolic roles

32
Q

who is usually deficient of B12

A
  • vegan diet*, GI illness causing malabsorption
  • Meds: chronic PPI (for GERD)
33
Q

symptoms of deficiency of B12

A

anemia, peripheral neuropathy, cognitive defects, fatigue

34
Q

role of vit. C

A

antioxidant, gene expression, production of many important proteins including collagen

35
Q

who is usually deficient of vit. C

A

alcoholics, smokers, poor/restricted diet, dialysis

36
Q

classic syndrome of vitamin C deficiency

A

Scurvy
fatigue, gingivitis, poor wound healing

37
Q

role of vitamin A

A

key component of rods and cones in the retina, epithelial cell reproduction, bone/teeth/reproductive/immune function

38
Q

Who is usually deficient of vitamin A

A

underdeveloped countries, poor diet, fat malabsorption

39
Q

symptoms of deficiency of vitamin A

A

night blindness, blurry vision, xerosis, keratomalacia

40
Q

who gets toxicity of vitamin A? s/s?

A

excessive supplements
altered mental status, seizures, headache, blurred vision

41
Q

role of vitamin D

A

needed for absorption of calcium in gut; receptors found throughout the body

42
Q

what is the active form of vitamin D

A

calcitriol
D3
D2 - inactive

43
Q

Who is usually deficient of vitamin D

A

low sunlight exposure, darker-skinned individuals, poor diet, renal or liver disease pts, breastfed newborns

44
Q

symptoms of deficiency of vitamin D

A

MSK*
- fatigue, bone pain, muscle weakness or cramps

45
Q

who is usually toxic of vitamin D? s/s?

A

excessive supplements
MSK - fatigue, bone pain, muscle weakness or cramps

46
Q

role of vitamin E

A

antioxidant, cell membranes

47
Q

who is usually deficient of vitamin E

A

malnourished pts, fat malabsorption
RARE

48
Q

symptoms of deficiency of vitamin E

A

ataxia, muscle weakness, impaired vision

49
Q

s/s of toxicity of vitamin E

A

bleeding, muscle weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting

50
Q

role of vitamin K

A

blood clotting*
bone and kidney metabolism

51
Q

who is deficient of vitamin K

A

newborns*, fat malabsorption, warfarin pts
newborn bc they dont have the gut flora yet

52
Q

symptoms of deficiency of vitamin K

A

bleeding, including hemorrhage; bone malformation

53
Q

inorganic compounds required for survival

A

minerals

54
Q

inorganic compounds found most abundantly in human tissues

A

macrominerals
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, sulfur

55
Q

inorganic compounds found in small amounts

A

trace elements
Iron, copper, zinc, iodine, chromium, fluoride, nickel, arsenic, molybdenum, selenium, manganese, silicon, boron, tin, vanadium

56
Q

role of iron

A

majority is found in RBCs to transport O2

57
Q

2 types of iron

A

heme - meat
nonheme - green leafy veggies
- not as wall absorbed compared to heme

58
Q

symptoms of deficiency of iron

A

fatigue, anemia, cognitive difficulties, impaired immunity

59
Q

what is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide

A

iron

60
Q

role of iodine

A

majority is incorporated into thyroid hormones for metabolic function

61
Q

risk for deficiency of iodine

A

Countries with low iodine content in soil and no required fortification

62
Q

s/s of deficiency of iodine

A
  • thyroid goiter
  • In pregnant women - pregnancy loss, infant psychomotor retardation, cretinism
63
Q

what are the 2 bone minerals and what are their differences

A
  1. calcium - fortified foods
    - s/s of deficiency: neuro/MSK symptoms (weakness, AMS, muscle spasm, muscle weakness, thinned bones)
    - Risk factors: restricted diet, malabsorption/GI disease
  2. magnesium
    - s/s of deficiency - neuro/MSK symptoms (fatigue, weakness, AMS, muscle spasm, muscle weakness)
    - Risk factors: + renal disease, diuretics, PPIs
64
Q

9 out of 20 dietary amino acids cannot be synthesized and must be consumed

A

essential amino acids
deficiency is rare

65
Q

linoleic acid and alpha-linoleic acid that must be consumed

A

essential fatty acids
deficiency is rare

66
Q

arachidonic acid is synthesized from ?

A

linoleic acid

67
Q

essential fatty acid deficiency is rare but can be seen in

A

pts on total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

nutrition (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions