Nutritional Aspects of CVD Flashcards
What are some examples of CVDs?
CHD
- stable/unstable angina
- acute MI
- sudden cardiac death
Stroke
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Congenital Heart Disease
What type of Th cells are present in lipid plaques?
All Th1 - no Th2
What are some risk factors for CVD?
Obesity/Diet T2 Diabetes Hypertension Genetics Lack of Exercise Smoking
Dietary cholesterol doesn’t necessarily affect systemic levels.
What are pro-atherogenic dietary foods?
Cholesterol Saturated FAs Trans FAs Sodium Alcohol
What are some anti-atherogenic dietary foods?
Polyunsaturated FAs CHO-rich diet Non-starch Polysaccharide Monounsatured FAs Antioxidants?
What is cholesterol’s role in atherogenesis?
Strong positive relationship between plasma LDL and CHD.
Plasma concentration influenced by fat content and quality in the diet.
Lowering raised plasma level reduces risk. (1% reduction > 2-3% reduced risk)
HDL beneficial but only in high-LDL
What role do saturated FAs play in atherogenesis?
High level in the diet increase plasma choletserol. Depends on chain length.
They can inhibit LDL receptors.
Replace 1% of energy from saturated fats with unsaturated = reduced CHD risk of 2-3%
Should limit to 30g/day in men, 20g/day women
What role to trans FAs play in atherogenesis?
Raise LDL cholesterol and plasma TAG, lower HDL.
Replace 1% of energy from trans with unsaturated FAs reduces CHD risk by 12%
Try to limit to 5g/day
What role does salt (sodium) play in atherogenesis?
Not directly involved, but raises BP.
Should not exceed 6g of salt/day (2.3g Na)
What role does alcohol play in atherogenesis?
Raises BP
How do PUFAs affect atherogenesis?
High intake of n-6 PUFA as substitution of saturated FA lower LDL cholesterol, but also HDL
n-3 PUFA from marine origin very good at reducing plasma TAG, but minimal on LDL/HDL. Also are anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic
Effects are due to long chain
Recommend 2 portions of fish/week, including 1 portion of oily fish.
How do MUFAs affect atherogenesis?
Substitution of saturated FA by oleic acid reduces both total and plasma LDL
How do CHOs affect atherogenesis?
CHOs should be 50% of total energy intake
- but not as free sugars, which should be no more than 5%.
Increase of NSP is correlated with reduced CVD. Reduce LDL but not VLDL or TAG
Whole grain effects on CVD?
Wheat fibre negatively associated with CHD rates in British men.
Oats lower serum cholesterol by 5-8%
Strong evidence for protection against CVD
3 servings/day recommended
