Nutrition Week 3 Flashcards
chemicals needed for conversion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into energy
Vitamins, minerals, and water
Nutrients the body cannot make, or produce in sufficient quantity
essential nutrients
chains of linked glucose units
Glycogen
The liver and muscles store glucose as
glycogen
a hormone produced by pancreas
Insulin
Activates the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis (SAM)
language of nervous system
neurotransmitters
system of vessels transporting lymph fluid throughout body
Lymphatic System
Where are phagocytes and lymphocytes (develop in bone marrow) contained?
lymph fluid
located just above heart; develops T cell lymphocytes
Thymus gland
cells that engulf/consume invaders
Phagocytes
proteins secreted by infected cells that limit the harmful effects of viruses
Interferons
aka cytokines – chemical messengers of the immune cells
Immune Modulators
specialized WBCs, concentrate in lymph; store in white pulp of spleen
Lymphocytes
mature in thymus; transported throughout the body; facilitate cell-mediated immunity
T cells
produce defensive proteins called antibodies; facilitate antibody-mediated immunity. Antibodies circulate in blood & lymph. These are immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgE, IgM); specific to antigen(s)
B cells
defense proteins
antibodies
engulf and partially digest pathogens, retaining the nonself-antigens that alert T cells to destroy.
Macrophages
phagocytes engulf/partially digest pathogens; then T cells destroy both the phagocyte and pathogen. Macrophages engulf and partially digest, retaining the nonself-antigens that alert T cells to destroy.
Cell-mediated immunity
lymphocytes produce antibodies that travel to target and neutralize specific pathogen
Antibody-mediated immunity
memory cells; helps recall invaders previously encountered; triggers special memory cells; result of actively acquired immunity, i.e. natural infection or vaccination.
Anamnestic response
aka killer T cells – first to recognize that other body cells are infected.
Cytotoxic T cells
lower the reaction threshold of target neurons
neuropeptides
Signals endocrine system to release hormones
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis (HPA)
connects the emotional and visceral responses. Invokes fight/flight response to danger/stress
Hypothalamus
Releases adrenocorticotropic hormone to adrenal cortex
Pituitary Gland
Releases cortisol. Mobilizes energy stores for immediate energy needs.
Adrenal cortex
Activated lymphocytes produce these substances recognized by the central nervous system
interleukins and interferons
