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The Patient 2 > Nutrition & Vitamins > Flashcards

Nutrition & Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A
D
E
K

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2
Q

Fat soluble vitamins are stored whereas water soluble vitamins are excreted. True or false?

A

True

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3
Q

Vitamins and minerals have key roles in processes such as?

A

Metabolism, cell production, tissue repair

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4
Q

What affects absorption of minerals?

A

Presence of other minerals/vitamins, components found in the blood, amount of mineral already in blood

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5
Q

Which groups of people are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency?

A

Those with limited sun exposure and those with dark skin

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6
Q

What is fortification?

A

Addition of nutrients to appropriate food vehicles

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7
Q

What are some problems with supplements?

A

Toxicity & accumulation, expensive, cause complacency, legal status means there’s practically no control, interactions

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8
Q

Which 2 vitamins can be made by the body from non-dietary sources?

A

D & K

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9
Q

Where are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Absorbed by bile in large intestine

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10
Q

Where are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Upper SI - Duodenum

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11
Q

Where is vitamin B12 absorbed?

A

Absorbed by intrinsic factor in ileum

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12
Q

Vitamins are sources of energy. True or false?

A

False

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13
Q

Vitamins have an antioxidant role. True or false?

A

True

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14
Q

What does deficiency in vitamin A result in?

A

Poor night vision

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15
Q

What does deficiency in vitamin B1 result in?

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

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16
Q

What does deficiency in vitamin B7 result in?

A

Hair loss and anaemia

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17
Q

What does deficiency in vitamin B12 lead to?

A

Megaloblastic anaemia - neural tube defects

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18
Q

What does vitamin D deficiency lead to?

A

Rickets and osteoporosis

19
Q

What does vitamin C deficiency lead to?

A

Scurvy

20
Q

What does vitamin K deficiency lead to?

A

Abnormal clotting

21
Q

In pregnancy, why is vitamin B9 (folic acid) supplemented?

A

To prevent neural tube defects including spina bifida

22
Q

Trace elements are required in small quantities whereas minerals are required in large amounts. True or false?

A

True

23
Q

What can a deficiency in magnesium and potassium lead to?

A

cardiac arrhythmias

24
Q

What can a deficiency in calcium and magnesium lead to?

A

Osteoporosis, muscle cramps and tetany

25
Q

What can a deficiency in zinc lead to?

A

Hair loss and poor wound healing

26
Q

A deficiency in which trace element can lead to Wilson’s disease?

A

Copper

27
Q

Methotrexate can interact with which vitamin?

A

Vitamin B9 (folic acid)

28
Q

What is meant by enteral nutrition?

A

Nutrition administered via the GI tract

29
Q

Who needs enteral nutrition?

A

Patients with eating and swallowing difficulties - e.g. facial injury or surgery, Severe intestinal malabsorption - Crohn’s disease, Eating disorders, Self-neglect - intentional or non-intentional

30
Q

What are the different routes of administration for enteral nutrition?

A

Naso-gastric tubes (NG), NJ, PEG tubes, PEJ tubes

31
Q

What are some problems that can occur as a result of enteral nutrition?

A

Diarrhoea, regurgitation, dislocation of tube, especially NG

32
Q

What are some drugs that interact with enteral feeds?

A

Ciprofloxacin, Theophylline, Phenytoin

33
Q

When should total parenteral nutrition be used?

A

Only when EN is not an option
when patient cannot take anything by mouth or via GIT. In “gut failure” - patient unable to digest and absorb food. If GIT is non-functional, inaccessible, or perforated

34
Q

How can short-term TPN be given?

A

Via Venflon

35
Q

How can long-term TPN be given?

A

peripherally inserted catheter - Hickman line

Via central line - intrajugular, subclavian, femoral

36
Q

How is re-feeding syndrome characterised?

A

Abnormalities in fluid balance, glucose metabolism, vitamin deficiency, hypokalaemia

37
Q

What are some consequences of malnutrition?

A

weakness and loss of muscle mass, apathy and depression, reduced immune response, poor wound healing, increased morbidity and mortality

38
Q

When should artificial nutritional support be given?

A

When patients can’t meet their requirements by eating and drinking normally

39
Q

What types of nutritional support is available?

A

normal diet, softened diet, IV fluids, oral nutrition support (fortified food, additional snacks, sip feeds), enteral tube feeding, total parenteral nutrition

40
Q

What are some benefits of enteral nutrition?

A

less risk of infection, closely mimics normal feeding, maintains GIT, cheaper, easier for home patients, calorie control

41
Q

What advise would you give regarding the administration of drugs via enteral feeding tubes?

A

Use liquid preps if possible, give each drug separately, flush with >20ml of water before and after each drug, crushed tablets may block tube, don’t give modified release or cytotoxic drugs

42
Q

What are some complications of TPN?

A

Air embolism/insertion problems, catheter blockage, line infections, metabolic problems, bone disease, re-feeding syndrome

43
Q

What monitoring should be done for those on TPN?

A

clinical history, fluid balance, weight, nutritional intake, GI function, temperature. Bloods: U&Es, renal function, glucose, LFTs, FBC, magnesium, phosphate calcium, selenium, zinc, other vitamin levels

The Patient 2 (8 decks)

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