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Nutrition Through The Life Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

How many weeks is a normal pregnancy?

A

38-40 weeks

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2
Q

What two reasons explain do pregnant women need good nutrition, even higher than normal?

A

She needs to provide for the fetus, amniotic fluid, placenta. She also needs to compensate for her increased blood volume/breast and uterine tissue.

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3
Q

What is the weight of low-birth infants?

A

<5.5 lb

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4
Q

What is the average weight gain during pregnancy? How much during the 1st trimester? What rate increase during the second and third trimester? Why is this larger?

A

25-35 lb.

2-4 lb in the first trimester.
1 lb/week in the second and third, due to increase in maternal (breast and uterine) tissue in the second trimester, and fetus showing in the third.

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5
Q

What is the caloric increase requirement for a pregnant women for each trimester?

A

0 calories 1st trimester, 340 during the second, 450 during the third (adding a 110 from second trimester).

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6
Q

How long does each trimester last?

A

13-14 weeks

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7
Q

During the deep throngs of pregnancy, how much folic acid is recommended?

A

600 mcg

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8
Q

How much folic acid should pregnant women take daily (before pregnancy and first trimester)?

A

400 mcg

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9
Q

What is the protein requirement for pregnant women daily?

A

60 mg of protein per day

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10
Q

What vitamin doesn’t need excess requirements during pregnancy? Why?

A

Vitamin A – because studies show this in excess causes microencephaly, hydroencephaly, mental retardation, etc.

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11
Q

What is the required amount of vitamin D? What is the required amount of vitamin E? What is the required amount of vitamin K (range) ?

A

15 mcg or 600 IU
15 mg
75-90 mcg

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12
Q

What 5 vitamins and 5 minerals are needed to be increased during pregnancy?

A

D, E, K, B12 (roles in metabolism and red blood cell dev), C (collagen and iron absorption)

Calcium (bone dev), iron (blood increase), iodine (metabolism and hormones), zinc (wound healing, cofactor), selenium (antioxidant)

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13
Q

To increase caloric requirements during pregnancy: a women can _______ as it will provide __ calories per __ oz serving.

A

Consume an additional two servings of fat-free milk (will contribute calcium, phosphorus, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin).

90 calories per 8 oz serving.

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14
Q

What 4 suggestions can relieve morning sickness (nausea)?

A

eat dry crackers or toast before rising
eat small, frequent meals
avoid foods with offensive odors
avoid liquids at mealtime

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15
Q

What is hyperemesis gravidarum and how is it combatted?

A

Life-threatening, severe nausea.
Combatted with parenteral (nutrients via a vein) nutrition.

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16
Q

How can constipation and hemorrhoids be relieved (3 ways)?

A

eating high-fiber foods, daily exercise, drinking at least 8 glasses of water a day

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17
Q

What is a really common complaint during pregnancy and how can it be absolved?

A

Heartburn, as when the fetus grows, it pushes on the mother’s stomach.

Small, frequent meals, avoiding spicy/greasy foods, waiting 1 hr before lying down, waiting 2 hrs before exercising

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18
Q

When does pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) or pre-eclampsia occur?

What may happen if condition reaches the eclamptic stage?

What age-group is particularly vulnerable to PIH?

A

Around third trimester. Characterized by hypertension, proteinuria (albumin in urine), edema.

Death.

Adolescents.

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19
Q

What characterizes fetal alcohol syndrome?
What about fetal alcohol effect?

A

premature, small head, growth deficiency, attention deficits (mental retardation)

fetal alcohol effect has less of the dramatic physical effects, but still the intelligence differences

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20
Q

How many cups of coffee should pregnant women consume at the most?

A

2 beverages or 300 mg/day

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21
Q

Drugs derived from vitamin A can cause what?

A

fetal malformation or spontaneous abortion

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22
Q

What foods should pregnant women not eat? Why?

A

Certain types of fish (shark, swordfish, king mackarel, tilefish)
Avoid eating more than six ounces per week of albacore (white tuna).

These fish have a high amount of mercury.

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23
Q

If a woman develops gestational diabetes, what is the chance she develops type 2 diabetes in the future?

What 3 defects may occur as a result of this?

A

35-60%

Macrosomia, stillbirth, low birth weight

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24
Q

When should women be tested for gestational diabetes?

A

24-28 weeks

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25
Q

How is meal-planning recommended for pregnant women (1. how many meals/snacks, 2. breakfast carbs)

A

3 meals and 2 to 3 snacks, breakfast should be carb-restrictive (<45 g carb)

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26
Q

What two hormones instigate the lactation process?

A

Oxytocin and prolactin.

oxytocin - milk ejection
prolactin - milk production

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27
Q

What two hormones instigate the lactation process?

What does an infant’s sucking do?

A

Oxytocin and prolactin.

oxytocin - milk ejection
prolactin - milk production

release oxytocin

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28
Q

What are 5 reasons you should breastfeed?

A
  1. contains the Goldilocks mixture for brain development, growth, and digestion.
  2. lowers the baby’s risk of asthma or allergies.
  3. babies receive immunities for diseases mother had.
  4. sucking promotes good jaw development.
  5. breastfeeding helps lose pregnancy pounds and stimulates uterus to contract to normal
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29
Q

How long will breast milk last?
Should breast milk be heated on the stove or in the microwave? Why or why not?

A

6-8 hours at room temp, 5 days in the fridge, 3-6 months in the freezer.
No, because that will DESTROY ITS IMMUNE CAPABILITIES.

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30
Q

During lactation for the first six months, how much extra calories a day is needed?

What about the second six months?

What does the Institute of Medicine recommend?

A

640 calories. 80 calories for every 100 mL breastmilk, 750 mL breastmilk daily.

510 extra calories.

500 calories, 400 calories.

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31
Q

What can folate deficiency result in?

A

Megaloblastic anemia (few immature large red blood cells) as folic acid is important for red blood cells

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32
Q

What can maternal malnutrition cause?

A

developmental or mental retardation

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33
Q

How many calories per kg of body weight does a child need each day for the first year?

A

98-108 calories/kg

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34
Q

How much vitamin D should an infant receive?

A

600 IU

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35
Q

How much protein should an infant 1-6 months get? What about 6-12 months?

A

2.2 g/kg per day
1.6 g/kg per day

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36
Q

Except for ____ and ___, breast milk provides ALL the nutrients an infant needs for the first 4-6 months of life. After the infant reaches 6 months, the infant should be fed on ___.

How can vitamin __ be given to infants?

A

Vitamin D, Vitamin K (newborns lack bacteria to synthesize this).

Iron-fortified cereal or grains.

If they do not experience sunlight, supplements can be prescribed.

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37
Q

What two vitamins should not be given to infants in large amounts, as vitamin __ can ______, and vitamin ___ can ____.

How can vitamin __ be given?

A

Vitamin A and vitamin D.

A, damage the liver and cause bone abnormalities.
D, damage cardiovascular system and kidneys.

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38
Q

One can know if a baby is getting enough nutrients from breastfeeding if (4)?

A
  1. six or more wet diapers per day
  2. normal growth
  3. 1 or 2 mustard-colored bowel movements a day
  4. breast becomes less full
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39
Q

How should an infant be held during breastfeeding? Why?

A

Cuddled and held semi-upright during the feeding, to prevent middle ear infections.

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40
Q

Why should caregivers not give babies cow milk until one year old?

A

it does not have enough iron and has too much calcium

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41
Q

Why must (cow’s milk) INFANT FORMULAS be remodified to match BREAST MLKI? Why is the right amount of water important for an infant?

A

cow’s milk contains more protein, mineral (salts) and less lactose than human milk.

Too little water will cause too heavy a protein and mineral load for the kidneys.
Too much will dilute the nutrient value so the infant will FTT and brain seizures may happen.

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42
Q

How is one supposed to heat up formula?

A

Place in a saucepan of warm water or a bottle warmer.

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43
Q

How are you supposed to know if an infant is ready for solid foods?

What is the typical solid food order?

A

physical ability to pull food in mouth, sit up straight with support, head and neck control, NO DROOLING.

Iron-fortified oat, wheat, or barley rice cereals. Then, other mixed cereals. After, cooked & pureed veggies, fruits, juices, egg yolk, then meat.

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44
Q

Why should honey never be given to an infant?

After 6 months, what beverages can be given?

A

Could have botulism spores.

Sips of water and 100% fruit juice.

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45
Q

When is the sucking reflex developed during gestation?

A

34 weeks

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46
Q

What fat recommendation is given to children with CF and why?

A

35-40% fat because malabsorption of fat is a common symptom.

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47
Q

What is galactosemia? What are results of this disorder? How is this treated diet-wise?

A

Disorder (1/30,000) births caused by lack of liver enzyme transferase which converts galactose to glucose – galactose builds up.

Cataract, galactosuria (galactose in urine), mental retardation.

Anything with milk is excluded.

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48
Q

What are characteristics of infants with phenylketonuria? What infant formula is made for these infants?

A

Light-colored skin and hair. Lofenalac, with 95% of its phenylalanine removed.

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49
Q

What is Maple Syrup Urine disease? What are the symptoms?

A

a congenital defect resulting from the inability to metabolize leucine, isoleucine, valine.

hypoglycemia, apathy, convulsions due to acidosis

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50
Q

What is the most rapid period of growth in one’s life? Why?

A

first year, as the baby doubles its birth weight by 6 months of age and triples it within the 1st year

– growth is fastest FIRST SIX MONTHS AND SLOWS NEXT SIX MONTHS

51
Q

How long should an infant be nursed?

A

5-10 minutes

52
Q

What is a toddler? What is an infant?

A

infants - less than 1 year
toddlers - 1 to 3 years

53
Q

What percent of U.S. toddlers does anemia occur in? What ethnic group has the highest prevalence? When should children be screened?

A

14%, African Americans, between 9-12 months and 1-5 years for clients at risk

54
Q

When do growth spurts occur (4)?

A

10 days, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months

55
Q

What is the ONLY ALTERNATIVE to breast milk?

A

Iron-fortified infant formulas (milk-based, soy-based, etcera)

56
Q

What formulas are given to infants that are sensitive or allergic to infant formulas?

A

Synthetic milk made from soybeans

57
Q

What is weaning?

A

When an infant is first given food with a spoon

58
Q

What are good snack choices for children?
What should you NOT give to children, out of fear of choking?

A

Fruit, fiber-rich unsweetened cereal, low-fat cheese

Peanuts, grapes, hot dogs, raw carrots, hard candy, peanut butter

59
Q

How does the rate of growth change from year 1 to year 10? What about nutrient needs?

A

Rate of growth DECREASES.
Nutrient needs INCREASE (because of increase in body size).

60
Q

How much juice should children consume?
1-6?
Older children?

A

4-6 oz
8-12 oz

61
Q

What research was published about kids with a higher chance for atherosclerosis?

A

one or more parents with heart disease before 60

62
Q

When do health practitioners screen for cholesterol?

A

at age 2

63
Q

What are the total (%) calories for fat for age range 1-3, 4-18

A

30-40%, 25-35% (decrease over time)

64
Q

Vitamin C-containing foods ___ iron absorpion?

A

help, stimulate, add to

65
Q

What is the average caloric requirement for a 14-18 year old?

A

2300 calories

66
Q

How many kids 3-17 have an ADHD diagnosis?

A

5.9 million or 9.5%

67
Q

What average weight gain do kids that take ADHD medication have per week?

A

1-1.5 lb per week

68
Q

1 out of __ children under 18 have an allergy to at least one food.

A

13

69
Q

What age group has the highest prevalence of allergies? What allergy is most common, and what percent is it reported?

A

Preschoolers, peanuts, 2%

70
Q

What are the top 8 most common allergies?

A

Milk, egg, fish, crustaceans/shellfish, tree nuts, wheat, peanuts, soybeans

71
Q

What percent of children with allergies experience severe reactions, including anaphylaxis?

A

40%

72
Q

What percent of children 2-19 are obese?

A

17% or 12.7 million

73
Q

What 2 groups have the highest rate of obesity?

A

Hispanic youth and non-Hispanic black youth

74
Q

How has the rate for pre-diabetes and diabetes increased from 1999 to 2008? What is the glucose level range for pre-diabetes?

A

9% to 23%. 100-126 mg/dl

75
Q

What is acanthosis nigricans?

A

A hyper-pigmentation characterized by dark folds of the skin

76
Q

What ethnic group has the highest prevalence of type 2 diabetes?

A

American Indian

77
Q

What change in height would a growth spurt cause?

A

3 inches per year for a girl, 4 inches per year for a boy

78
Q

What percent of calories do teens get from carbonated and non-carbonated soft drinks?

A

13%

79
Q

What percent of teens do not meet the calcium requirement in their diets?

A

50%

80
Q

How many males and females fight an eating disorder?

A

1 million males, 10 million females

81
Q

What is the female athlete triad?

A

disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis

82
Q

What is bulimia nervosa?

A

involves two key behaviors, bingeing and purging

83
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

eating disorder, number of males is growing (10% male, 90% female)

84
Q

What are the four primary symptoms of anorexia?

A
  1. Failure to maintain body weight (85% of expected weight)
  2. Intense weight gain fair
  3. Loss of periods regularly (amenorrhea)
  4. Disturbance with body shape
85
Q

What problems does alcohol play with absorption of nutrients?

A

It inhibits absorption. If thiamine and niacin (B1 and B3) are not absorbed, glucose cannot be used for energy.

86
Q

Why is marijuana stored longer in the body than cigarette smoke?

A

The active ingredient THC is fat-soluble and the body stores it in fat.

87
Q

What percent of children use marijuana?

A

23%

88
Q

What is the most potent amphetamine?

A

Meth

89
Q

What should athletes drink to keep a lot of glycogen in their muscles during exercise, rather than energy drinks?

A

16 oz of fat-free chocolate milk

90
Q

What does the amount of calories a day look like for an athlete? How much carb, protein, and fat? What vitamin has an increased need? How much protein in g/kg of body weight should be consumed?

A

Up to 6000 calories per day, 50-55% carbs, 30% fat, 10-15% protein

B vitamins. 1.2-1.7 g/kg

91
Q

How many EXTRA calories do people to eat in order to gain 1 pound?

A

3500 calories extra

92
Q

What does the Healthy Index (2010) show about children’s healthy eating habits in regards to whole grains, dark greens, and starchy bean intake?

A

22% whole grains
20% dark greens
20% starchy beans

93
Q

What is the age range considered “young adults”? What about the old adult range?

A

18-40 years, 40-65 years

94
Q

A diet in what four vitamins/minerals will aid in preventing osteoporosis?

A

calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, fluoride

95
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis? What age range and group does it take place most in?

A

Arthritis (autoimmune) of the wrists, joints, hips, knees, ankles
30-50, 70% women

96
Q

What are the best foods to eat to aid with RA?

A

an eating style similar to the Mediterranean (salmon, tuna, soy foods, olive oil, green tea)

and a calcium + vitamin D for the bones!!

97
Q

When is growth usually complete?

A

25 years

98
Q

What is the requirement for calcium for adults (in mg) 19-50?

A

1000 mg (to prevent osteoporosis)

99
Q

What happens to caloric requirements after age 25?

A

They diminish, as the BMR decreases

100
Q

When do most women meet menopause?

A

Age 51, decrease in estrogen which plays a role in bone tissue.

101
Q

What is the fastest-growing age group in the US?

A

elderly (85 and older)

102
Q

What is dentition?

A

Arrangement, type and number of teeth

103
Q

What is the protein requirement for older women and men (average) in g/day?

A

50 g women, 63 g men

104
Q

What percent does the caloric requirement decrease by after age 20 each DECADE?

A

2%

105
Q

What nutrients do senior citizens consume deficiently?

A

C, D, B6, B12, folate, calcium, zinc, iron

106
Q

The CDC recommends that ___ percent of older adults face one chronic condition and 50% face two.

A

80%, 50%

107
Q

What is a possible cause of osteoporosis that has to do with an excessive amount of a mineral?

A

phosphorus

108
Q

What disease may be linked to osteoporosis?

A

periodontal disease (mouth and gum disease)

109
Q

What is the most common reason for being overweight during middle age?

A

Energy imbalance

110
Q

How do nutrient requirements change over adulthood?

A

Very little, with slight decreases in B1, B2, and B3 (due to decrease in caloric requirements)

111
Q

After age 65, the protein requirements change from 0.8 g/kg of body weight to ___ g/kg of body weight?

A

1.0 (to preserve muscle mass)

112
Q

What two diets is hypertension associated with?

A

Low in calcium or high in salt

113
Q

What is FFM?

A

fat-free mass, includes water, protein, minerals, organs, muscle, and bone

114
Q

What is the pinch test?

A

simple version of a skinfold test, grasp the skin on the back of upper arm, if the distance is >1 inch, excess fat

115
Q

What are the waist-to-hip ratios that increase the risk for heart disease for males and females?

A

0.85, 0.90

116
Q

What is bioelectrical impedance?

A

another method for measuring body fat, measures the body’s resistance to low-energy electrical current - lean tissue conducts electrical energy but fat doesn’t

more fat, more resistance

117
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

eating disorder, number of males is growing (10% male, 90% female)

118
Q

How many calories does 30 minutes of exercise burn?

A

200 calories

119
Q

What do you want your resting heart rate to be?

A

<59 beats, less because that means the heart is more efficient

120
Q

How to plan an exercise period?

A

warmup 5-10 min
workout 20 min
cooldown 10 min

121
Q

What is FLAT PeG?

A

the hormones in the anterior pituitary gland

follicle-stimulating, luteinizing, ACTH, thyroid-stimulating, prolactin, endorphins, growth hormone

122
Q

What is Anti-OXIDANT?

A

the hormones in the posterior pituitary gland

anti-diuretic hormone, oxytocin

123
Q

What is MEN?

A

adrenal MEDULLA, epinephrine, norepinephrine

124
Q

What is PIGS?

A

pancreas polypeptide, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

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