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Nutrition - RVT > Nutrition - RVT > Flashcards

Nutrition - RVT Flashcards

1
Q

What are the energy producing nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates (CHO)
Fats
Proteins

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2
Q

What are the non- energy producing nutrients?

A

Water
Vitamins
Minerals

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3
Q

What are the CHO subcategories?

A

Digestible
Soluble fibers
Insoluble fibers

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4
Q

What are the subcategories of the digestible carbohydrates?

A

Sugars

Starches

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5
Q

What are the subcategories of the soluble fiber CHO’s?

A

Pectin
Guar Gum
Mucilage

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6
Q

What are the sub categories of the insoluble fibers?

A

Lignin and cellulose

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7
Q

What does soluble fiber do?

A

Combines with water to form a gel
Slows down the movement of food through the GIT
Helps to regulate blood sugar levels
Slows stomach emptying

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8
Q

What are the sources of soluble fibers?

A

Fruits, vegetables and barley

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9
Q

What is the main function of insoluble fiber?

A

To bulk up the digesta in the intestines
Reduces caloric density of food
Slows down nutrient absorption
Helps with certain GIT issues

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10
Q

Where do we find / get insoluble fibre?

A

They are the structural component of grass, plants and wood.

Oats, corn, wheat bran

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11
Q

What makes up a lipid molecule?

A

Glycerol - a molecule with 3 carbon atoms, each carbon atom having an oxygen atom attached to it with 3 fatty acid chains.

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12
Q

What is the primary function of lipids in the diet?

A

Energy!
Animals get twice as much energy from each gram of fat that they can from a gram of carb. Also increases palatibility and improves the texture of food.
Required for absorption of fat soluble vitamins.

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13
Q

What are essential fatty acids? EFA’s

A

The body cannot manufacture them and can only be obtained through the diet.
Linoleic acid
Alpha-linolenic acid
Arachadonic acid

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14
Q

How is arachidonic acid different in dogs than cats?

A

Dogs use linoleic acid and alpha-linoleic acid to make their own arachidonic acid. Cats have not evolved the enzymes necessary to produce it themselves and therefore need to get it from their diets.

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15
Q

What are Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids?

A

They are linoleic acid

3 and 6 come from the first double bond on the long fatty acid chain

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16
Q

What are the sources of Omega 3 EFA’s?

A

Fish
Hemp
Flax
Walnuts

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17
Q

What are the sources of Omega 6 EFA’s?

A

Corn oil
Sunflower oil
Canola oil
Olive oil

18
Q

What do Omega 3 EFA’s do?

A

Decrease inflammation

  • good for animals with allergies
  • good for animals with arthritic conditions ( ie seniors)
19
Q

What do Omega 6 EFA’s do?

A

Enhance the immune system

  • Good supplement for cats with FIV, FELV
20
Q

At What ratio are EFA’s provided in commercial foods? What is the ideal ratio?

A

20:1 Omega 6: Omega 3
Omega 6 come from much cheaper sources.
Ideal 5:1 Omega 6: Omega 3

21
Q

What are some of the general functions of EFA’s?

A

Help the kidneys function to maintain the water balance in the body
Reproduction
Major component of every cell in the body
Smooth muscle contraction
Immune function
Blood clotting

22
Q

What factors can affect the palatibility of a pets diet?

A 
Moisture
Odour
Fat and protein levels
Temp
Texture
Shape
Acidity
23
Q

What are additives?

A

Non-nutritive, non- energy
Added to enhance flavour, color, texture and stability
No nutritional value

24
Q

What is a-tocopherol?

A

Vitamin E as a preservative in food

25
Q

What additives are in pet food, Natural and non natural?

A

Vitamin e
Vitamin c
BHT
BHA

26
Q

What causes the formation of free radicals in the pets body?

A

Exposer to UV light, radiation, smoking, air pollution, inflammation in the body
AKA- Oxidants=unstable molecules

27
Q

How do we counteract the formation of free radicals in the body?

A

Antioxidants! They react with potentially damaging unstable molecules in the body and make them more stable.

28
Q

What are examples of neutroceuticals?

A

Glucosamine and chondrotin

Omega-3 fatty acids

29
Q

What is the role of insoluble fiber in the diet of the large animal?

A

Grazing on plants is a major food source

Fiber is digested using microbes in the rumen,cecum and large intestine

30
Q

What are the 3 types of essential fatty acids?

A

Short chain - Saturated fatty acid (Butyric acid)
Medium chain - Monounsaturated fatty acid ( oleic acid)
Long chain - Polyunsaturated fatty acid ( Linoleic acid)

31
Q

What are proteins?

A

AKA Polypeptides
Long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
Chains fold up into a helix, pleat, tertiary the quaternary structure

32
Q

How are proteins broken down in the body?

A

The long chains of amino acids are chopped up by digestive enzymes so that they enter the blood stream

33
Q

What are the 2 types of amino acids?

A

Non-essential (made by the body)

Essential ( obtained from the diet)

34
Q

What happens to excess protein in the body?

A

Excess protein is converted to fat for storage. A by product of this conversion is ammonia. Ammonia is toxic so the liver converts ammonia to urea and the kidney excretes the urea

35
Q

What 3 important nutrients do cats need?

A

Taurine
Arginine
Arachidonic acid
Niacin

36
Q

What can a deficiency in arachidonic acid present like in a cat?

A 
Poor growth
Poor coat
Skin lesions
Fatty liver
Congenital defects
37
Q

What is significant about the niacin requirements for cats?

A

4 x higher than dogs because cats do not convert tryptophan to Niacin like dogs can.

38
Q

What does a taurine deficiency look like in a cat?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy
Central retinal degradation
Reproductive failure

39
Q

Why is the large intestine of the dog and cat considerably shorter than that of a herbivore?

A

They do not need to digest polysaccharides ( which are mostly present in herbivore diets)

40
Q

What enzyme do cats and dogs lack in their saliva?

A

A amylase Initiates starch digestion in the mouth

Nutrition - RVT (1 decks)

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