Nutrition - RVT Flashcards by Rayna Jancar

What are the energy producing nutrients?

Carbohydrates (CHO)
Fats
Proteins

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What are the non- energy producing nutrients?

Water
Vitamins
Minerals

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What are the CHO subcategories?

Digestible
Soluble fibers
Insoluble fibers

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What are the subcategories of the digestible carbohydrates?

Sugars

Starches

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What are the subcategories of the soluble fiber CHO’s?

Pectin
Guar Gum
Mucilage

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What are the sub categories of the insoluble fibers?

Lignin and cellulose

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What does soluble fiber do?

Combines with water to form a gel
Slows down the movement of food through the GIT
Helps to regulate blood sugar levels
Slows stomach emptying

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What are the sources of soluble fibers?

Fruits, vegetables and barley

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What is the main function of insoluble fiber?

To bulk up the digesta in the intestines
Reduces caloric density of food
Slows down nutrient absorption
Helps with certain GIT issues

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Where do we find / get insoluble fibre?

They are the structural component of grass, plants and wood.

Oats, corn, wheat bran

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What makes up a lipid molecule?

Glycerol - a molecule with 3 carbon atoms, each carbon atom having an oxygen atom attached to it with 3 fatty acid chains.

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What is the primary function of lipids in the diet?

Energy!
Animals get twice as much energy from each gram of fat that they can from a gram of carb. Also increases palatibility and improves the texture of food.
Required for absorption of fat soluble vitamins.

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What are essential fatty acids? EFA’s

The body cannot manufacture them and can only be obtained through the diet.
Linoleic acid
Alpha-linolenic acid
Arachadonic acid

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How is arachidonic acid different in dogs than cats?

Dogs use linoleic acid and alpha-linoleic acid to make their own arachidonic acid. Cats have not evolved the enzymes necessary to produce it themselves and therefore need to get it from their diets.

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What are Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids?

They are linoleic acid

3 and 6 come from the first double bond on the long fatty acid chain

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What are the sources of Omega 3 EFA’s?

Fish
Hemp
Flax
Walnuts

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What are the sources of Omega 6 EFA’s?

Corn oil
Sunflower oil
Canola oil
Olive oil

What do Omega 3 EFA’s do?

Decrease inflammation

good for animals with allergies
good for animals with arthritic conditions ( ie seniors)

What do Omega 6 EFA’s do?

Enhance the immune system

Good supplement for cats with FIV, FELV

At What ratio are EFA’s provided in commercial foods? What is the ideal ratio?

20:1 Omega 6: Omega 3
Omega 6 come from much cheaper sources.
Ideal 5:1 Omega 6: Omega 3

What are some of the general functions of EFA’s?

Help the kidneys function to maintain the water balance in the body
Reproduction
Major component of every cell in the body
Smooth muscle contraction
Immune function
Blood clotting

What factors can affect the palatibility of a pets diet?

Moisture
Odour
Fat and protein levels
Temp
Texture
Shape
Acidity

What are additives?

Non-nutritive, non- energy
Added to enhance flavour, color, texture and stability
No nutritional value

What is a-tocopherol?

Vitamin E as a preservative in food

What additives are in pet food, Natural and non natural?

Vitamin e Vitamin c BHT BHA

What causes the formation of free radicals in the pets body?

Exposer to UV light, radiation, smoking, air pollution, inflammation in the body AKA- Oxidants=unstable molecules

How do we counteract the formation of free radicals in the body?

Antioxidants! They react with potentially damaging unstable molecules in the body and make them more stable.

What are examples of neutroceuticals?

Glucosamine and chondrotin | Omega-3 fatty acids

What is the role of insoluble fiber in the diet of the large animal?

Grazing on plants is a major food source | Fiber is digested using microbes in the rumen,cecum and large intestine

What are the 3 types of essential fatty acids?

Short chain - Saturated fatty acid (Butyric acid) Medium chain - Monounsaturated fatty acid ( oleic acid) Long chain - Polyunsaturated fatty acid ( Linoleic acid)

What are proteins?

AKA Polypeptides Long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. Chains fold up into a helix, pleat, tertiary the quaternary structure

How are proteins broken down in the body?

The long chains of amino acids are chopped up by digestive enzymes so that they enter the blood stream

What are the 2 types of amino acids?

Non-essential (made by the body) | Essential ( obtained from the diet)

What happens to excess protein in the body?

Excess protein is converted to fat for storage. A by product of this conversion is ammonia. Ammonia is toxic so the liver converts ammonia to urea and the kidney excretes the urea

What 3 important nutrients do cats need?

Taurine Arginine Arachidonic acid Niacin

What can a deficiency in arachidonic acid present like in a cat?

``` Poor growth Poor coat Skin lesions Fatty liver Congenital defects ```

What is significant about the niacin requirements for cats?

4 x higher than dogs because cats do not convert tryptophan to Niacin like dogs can.

What does a taurine deficiency look like in a cat?

Dilated cardiomyopathy Central retinal degradation Reproductive failure

Why is the large intestine of the dog and cat considerably shorter than that of a herbivore?

They do not need to digest polysaccharides ( which are mostly present in herbivore diets)

What enzyme do cats and dogs lack in their saliva?

A amylase Initiates starch digestion in the mouth