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Nutrition of Horticultural Crops > Nutrition of Horticultural Crops Exam 3 (SOAP) > Flashcards

Nutrition of Horticultural Crops Exam 3 (SOAP) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a crop in Florida which is typically planted in September and harvested the following March?

A

calabaza squash
(Cucurbita moschata)

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2
Q

Because the calabaza squash is only in the field six to seven months of the year, when would the field associated with it be fallow without cover crops being planted?

A

field would be fallow between April and August

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3
Q

What is the risk associated with a field in Florida which is fallow between April and August?

A

heavy summer rains can erode large soil particles, leach nutrients or cause compaction

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4
Q

What can arise in fallow fields which grow more readily than cash crops with scant nutrients and poor soil quality?

A

weeds

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5
Q

What is a common genus of weeds in Florida which are commonly known as “nut-sedges”?

A

Cyperus

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6
Q

What kinds of cover crops are typically planted as “nutrient catchers” for a fallow field?

A

cereals and grasses

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7
Q

What kinds of cover crops are typically planted as “soil enrichers” for a fallow field?

A

legumes

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8
Q

In the context of what kind of agro-systems are cover crops planted to control species at the ground level?

A

orchards and vineyards

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9
Q

What is the common name for the legume cover crop in the species ‘Trifolium reflexum’ which grow well in the Southeastern United States?

A

buffalo clover

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10
Q

What is the common name for the legume cover crop in the species ‘Medicago sativa’ which grow well in the Southeastern United States?

A

alfalfa

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11
Q

What is the common name for the legume cover crop in the species ‘Coronilla varia’ which grow well in the Southeastern United States?

A

crown vetch

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12
Q

What is the common name for the legume cover crop in the species ‘Vigna unguiculata’ which grow well in the Southeastern United States?

A

cowpea

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13
Q

One issue with planting only legume cover crops is their slow establishment period, which can be corrected for by doing what?

A

pairing them with a cereal or grass that can suppress weeds

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14
Q

What is the common name for the cereal cover crop ‘Sorghum × drummondii’, which is planted in association with slow-growing legume cover crops?

A

Sudan grass

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15
Q

What is the common name for the cereal cover crop ‘Lolium multiflorum’, which is planted in association with slow-growing legume cover crops?

A

annual ryegrass

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16
Q

What is the common name for the cereal cover crop ‘Secale cereale’, which is planted in association with slow-growing legume cover crops?

A

winter rye

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17
Q

What is the common name for the cereal cover crop ‘Avena sativa’, which is planted in association with slow-growing legume cover crops?

A

common oat

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18
Q

In regards to timing, cover crops should be planted soon after what occurs?

A

harvest of the cash crop

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19
Q

Should the soil be tilled before the cover crop is planted? Why or why not?

A

soil should not be tilled for the cover crop to intercept the maximum amount of nutrients

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20
Q

In regards to timing, cover crops should be terminated before they can do what?

A

cover crops should be terminated before they have the opportunity to set seeds

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21
Q

Why should planters wait two weeks after terminating the cover crops to seed their fields with the cash crop?

A

cover crops may have allelopathic root exudates which can break down in the soil during the two-week interval

22
Q

What part of the legume cover crop has been shown to provide the cash crop with more nitrogen, the shoots or the roots?

A

legume cover crop shoots provide cash crops with more fixed nitrogen than the roots do (nitrogen-rich proteins are more concentrated in the shoots than the ligneous roots).

23
Q

What part of an amino acid always contains nitrogen?

A

amino group (–NH2)

24
Q

What part of an amino acid potentially contains nitrogen?

A

side chain (–R)

25
Q

What are the five atoms and two elements present in the porphyrin ring of a chlorophyll pigment?

A

four nitrogen atoms encircling a magnesium

26
Q

considering nitrogen has a central role in producing proteins and chlorophyll pigments, what are the two classic symptoms of its deficiency in many crops?

A

(1) stunted growth
(2) general leaf yellowing

27
Q

What is a symptom of nitrogen deficiency demonstrated by tomato plants besides the two classic issues?

A

less branches arise on nitrogen-deficient tomatoes

28
Q

What do some crops do in response to a nitrogen deficiency which is not noticeable without either a rhizo-box or by extracting the crop from the soil?

A

growth of longer root systems

29
Q

Because nitrogen is a plant-mobile nutrient, what can be an early indicator that it is deficient in crops?

A

evidence of yellowing in older leaves which is not yet apparent in the newer foliage

30
Q

What kind of enzymes do plants rely upon when the nitrogen concentration in the soil is high?

A

low affinity transporters (LATs – incorporate nitrogen in line with the concentration gradient)

31
Q

What kind of enzymes do plants rely upon when the nitrogen concentration in the soil is low?

A

high affinity transporters (HATs – incorporate nitrogen against the concentration gradient by consuming ATP)

32
Q

Plant uptake rates for (1)___________ rise as the plant is actively growing and peak once it is (2)____________. Once that occurs, the rate of uptake (3)__________, which is compensated by an increased rate of (4)_______________ within the crop.

A

(1) nitrogen
(2) in bloom
(3) declines
(4) remobilization

33
Q

At any point in a crop’s development (dormancy ~ bloom ~ young/mid/mature fruit) the majority of nitrogen (typically measured in milligrams) is retained in what organ?

A

roots

34
Q

When do root and shoot systems typically see the highest concentrations of nitrogen? Why is this the case?

A

roots and shoots have the highest concentrations of nitrogen during the dormancy period, which is because there are no flowers or fruits to divert the nitrogen

35
Q

What ecological principle states growth is limited to the least present nutrient?

A

law of the minimum

36
Q

What are the three components referenced by the SOAP initialism?

A

(1) subjective assessment
(2) objective assessment
(3) action plan

37
Q

What is the first step in the objective assessment of the SOAP method?

A

determining where the symptoms of nutrient deficiency are visible (i.e., old tissues vs. new tissues; all across the plant vs. in one section of the plant)

38
Q

What should we do once we have determined the symptomatic tissues in a crop?

A

determine which can be tested analytically

39
Q

Nutrient deficiency tests of the plant sap have proven especially useful for what kinds of crops?

A

greenhouse-grown fruits (cucumbers, tomatoes, etc.)

40
Q

The critical values for nutrient deficiency in the leaves in many crops will be different before and after what thing occurs to the host plant?

A

production of flowers

41
Q

Before blossoming, the critical concentrations of nitrogen in the leaves are ______________ than after blossoming.

A

higher

42
Q

What are the six plant-mobile nutrients?

A

(1) nitrogen
(2) phosphorus
(3) potassium
(4) magnesium
(5) molybdenum
(6) zinc

43
Q

What are the six plant-IMmobile nutrients?

A

(1) calcium
(2) sulfur
(3) iron
(4) boron
(5) copper
(6) manganese

44
Q

There is no clear relationship between inter-plant nutrient mobility and what?

A

mobility of the nutrient in the soil

45
Q

Appropriate plant tissue sampling requires (1)___________ from various parts and the avoidance of tissues which are (2)____________________ by things like mechanical equipment or (3)________________ from things like pesticide or fertilizer.

A

(1) replication
(2) physically damaged
(3) contaminated

46
Q

Which are more difficult to diagnose, macronutrient deficiencies or micronutrient deficiencies?

A

micronutrient deficiencies are more difficult to diagnose

47
Q

In what order should we consider factors to correct a nutrient deficiency in our action plan?

A

(1) biological factors
(2) cultural factors
(3) chemical factors

48
Q

What is an example of a biologically-minded correction one could make to correct a nitrogen deficiency?

A

planting a leguminous inter-crop with the cash crop

49
Q

What is an example of a culturally-minded correction one could make to correct a nitrogen deficiency?

A

spacing out the timing of a fertilizer so that it corresponds better with the rates of seedling growth

50
Q

What is an example of a chemically-minded correction one could make to correct a nitrogen deficiency?

A

increasing the overall amount of fertilizer applied to the soil

Nutrition of Horticultural Crops (6 decks)

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