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Biochemistry II > Nutrition & Nucleotides > Flashcards

Nutrition & Nucleotides Flashcards

1
Q

Average daily intake to meet the needs of 50% of healthy individuals in a given life-stage and gender group is known as?

A

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

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2
Q

Average daily intake to meet the needs of 97-8% of healthy individuals in a given life-stage and gender group is known as?

A

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

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3
Q

Used when scientific data for RDA is unavailable; Estimate of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people is known as?

A

Adequate Intake (AI)

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4
Q

Average daily intake to maintain energy balance is known as?

A

Estimated energy requirement (EER)

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5
Q

What is the energy content of Carbohydrates?

A

4 kcal/g

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6
Q

What is the energy content of Protein?

A

4 kcal/g

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7
Q

What is the energy content of Fat?

A

9 kcal/g

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8
Q

What is the energy content of Alcohol

A

7 kcal/g

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9
Q

This strongly influence the incidences of coronary heart disease

A

Dietary Fats

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10
Q

A high risk of CHD is related to?

A

An elevated total cholesterol or LDL

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11
Q

A decreased risk of CHD is related to?

A

An elevated HDL level

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12
Q

Saturated Fats have none of these…

A

no double bonds to hydrocarbon chains

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13
Q

Saturated Fats should be limited to what percentage of total caloric intake?

A
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14
Q

Monounsaturated Fats have how many double bonds?

A

One single double bond

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15
Q

Monounsaturated Fats should comprise what percentage of your fat intake?

A

50.0%

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16
Q

Monounsaturated Fats can positively effect the HDL/LDL ratio

A

TRUE

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17
Q

Polyunsaturated Fats are also known as

A

Omega-6 & Omega-3 Fatty Acids

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18
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids that have been artificially “saturated” are known as

A

Trans Fats

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19
Q

How much dietary cholesterol is recommended per day?

A
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20
Q

Dietary Carbohydrates are made up of what 3 types?

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

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21
Q

Two types of Monosaccharides are

A

Glucose & Fructose

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22
Q

High Fructose Corn Syrup is a type of what kind of dietary carbohydrate?

A

Monosaccharide

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23
Q

Three types of Disaccharides are

A

Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose

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24
Q

Molasses and milk are examples of what kind of dietary carbohydrate?

A

Disaccharide

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25
Q

Complex Carbohydrates are also known as

A

Polysaccharide

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26
Q

Wheat and vegetables are examples of what kind of dietary carbohydrate

A

Polysaccharide

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27
Q

What will lead to ketone body production once it is converted to glucose?

A

Amino Acids

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28
Q

What is considered a non-essential nutrient

A

Carbohydrates

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29
Q

Non-starch carbohydrates are also known as

A

Dietary fiber

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30
Q

What delays gastric emptying and increases satiety?

A

Dietary fiber

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31
Q

What reflects and adequate intake of 25-38 g/day for women and men respectively

A

Dietary fiber

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32
Q

What type of proteins contain 9 essential amino acids

A

Complete Protein

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33
Q

Proteins will provide carbon skeletons for gluconeogenesis if what is low in the body?

A

Carbohydrate intake

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34
Q

What is metabolized for fatty acid synthesis when in excess?

A

Dietary Proteins

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35
Q

A person with protein deficiency suffering from loss of appetite and edema but retains his/her normal weight suffers from what?

A

Kwashiorkor

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36
Q

A person suffering with and overall deficiency and has significant weight loss paired with irritable mood and no signs of edema or loss of appetite suffers from what?

A

Marasmus

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37
Q

Fat soluble vitamins are store where?

A

Liver & Adipose tissue

38
Q

What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?

A

A,D,E & K

39
Q

Deficiencies can occur quickly in these kind of soluble vitamins

A

Water soluble

40
Q

Problems during pregnancy and spina bifida can occur with a deficiency of this vitamin…

A

Folic Acid

41
Q

This vitamin is involved in the breakdown of amino and fatty acids. It also causes Pernicious anemia if malabsorbed

A

Cobalamin; Vitamin B12

42
Q

This vitamin is a coenzyme for wound healing and maintaining connective tissue. It is an antioxidant, and deficiency in this vitamin can lead to scurvy

A

Ascorbic Acid; Vitamin C

43
Q

This vitamin acts as a coenzyme in many reactions, and is the only water soluble vitamin with significant toxicity

A

Pyridoxine; Vitamin B6

44
Q

This vitamin is involved in energy metabolism

A

Thiamine; Vitamin B1

45
Q

Beriberi is a severe deficiency syndrome that effects the PNS & Cardiovascular system related to this vitamin

A

Thiamine; Vitamin B1

46
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome related to alcoholism,dementia etc., is associated with a deficiency of this vitamin

A

Thiamine; Vitamin B1

47
Q

Pellagra is an issue affecting the skin associated with a deficiency of this vitamin. This vitamin is also seen as an additive in enriched grains

A

Niacin

48
Q

A key component of FAD, a deficiency in this vitamin can lead to dermatitis of the skin

A

Riboflavin

49
Q

A coenzyme in glucose metabolism and widely available in food, this vitamin is produced in intestinal flora

A

Biotin

50
Q

A component of CoA, this vitamin is found in eggs, liver and yeast

A

Pantothenic Acid

51
Q

This vitamin is essential for vision, reproduction and growth. One of its main ingredients is B-Carotene and this vitamin is stored in the liver

A

Retinoids; Vitamin A

52
Q

Sources of this vitamin are liver, cream, butter, egg yolks, yellow/orange and green vegetables and fruit

A

Retinoids; Vitamin A

53
Q

This vitamin has a hormone like function that maintains adequate plasma levels of calcium and affects intestines, kidneys and bone

A

Vitamin D

54
Q

This vitamin is activated by sunlight exposure and occurs in fatty fish, liver, and egg yolk

A

Vitamin D

55
Q

Rickets a deficiency from this vitamin, causes demineralization and bone softening in children

A

Vitamin D

56
Q

Osteomalacia a demineralization and bone softening deficiency that occurs in adults is caused by lack of this vitamin

A

Vitamin D

57
Q

This vitamin is included in the synthesis of blood clotting proteins

A

Vitamin K

58
Q

This vitamin comes from food sources such as cabbage kale spinach and egg yolk

A

Vitamin K

59
Q

Deficiency of this vitamin is unusual except that it is seen in newborns. Toxicity can also cause hemolytic anemia and jaundice in those newborns

A

Vitamin K

60
Q

This vitamin contributes to antioxidant activity, and is found in vegetable oils, liver and eggs

A

Vitamin E

61
Q

Nucleotides are composed of what 3 parts?

A

1 Pentose Monosaccharide, 1 Nitrogenous Base, 1 Phosphate Group

62
Q

A nucleoside is created by what bond?

A

Glycosidic

63
Q

A nucleoside is composed of what parts

A

Pentose Monosaccharide and Nitrogenous Base

64
Q

What bonding site does the phosphate group attach to to form a nucleotide

A

Site ‘5 OH

65
Q

Where are Purine nucleotides constructed?

A

The liver

66
Q

What nucleotide begins with Ribose 5-phosphate from the PPP?

A

Purine

67
Q

PRPP or 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate is known as

A

Activated Pentose

68
Q

When activated pentose is in abundance what pathway does it use?

A

De Novo Synthesis

69
Q

What activated pentose is deficient what pathway does it use?

A

Salvage pathway

70
Q

What is the rate limiting step of Purine Synthesis?

A

PRPP to 5-phosphoribosylamine using pyrophosphate amino transferase

71
Q

What does the rate limiting step of Purine Synthesis require?

A

ATP and Glutamine

72
Q

What is the first compound formed with a purine ring?

A

IMP; Inosine monophosphate

73
Q

What is the first compound formed with a adenosine ring?

A

ATP; Adenosine triphosphate

74
Q

What is the first compound formed with a guanine ring?

A

GTP; Guanosine triphosphate

75
Q

AMP or GMP will be formed by what compound

A

IMP; Inosine monophosphate

76
Q

AMP synthesis utilizes what compound for energy?

A

GTP; Guanosine triphosphate

77
Q

GMP synthesis utilizes what compound for energy?

A

ATP; Adenosine triphosphate

78
Q

The salvage pathway is important in what part of the body?

A

The brain

79
Q

The salvage pathway uses purines from where?

A

Turnover from cellular nucleic acids or the diet

80
Q

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a x-linked recessive disorder from a deficiency of

A

HGPRT

81
Q

LN syndrome leads to what accumulation and a lack of this

A

PRPP; IMP/GMP

82
Q

Deoxyribonucleotides are produced from

A

Ribonucleoside diphosphates by ribonucleotide reductase

83
Q

Allosteric regulation of deoxyribonucleotides are inhibited and activated by

A

dATP; ATP binding

84
Q

Degradation of Purine nucleotides occur where

A

Small intestine

85
Q

DNA and RNA are hydrolyzed by a series of what enzymes?

A

Pancreatic enzyme

86
Q

This deficiency of Purine enzymes causes Hyperurecemia due to under excretion or overproduction or Uric acid

A

Gout

87
Q

This deficiency of Purine enzymes causes adenosine accumulation that leads to dATP accumulation and inhibition or ribonucleotide reductase

A

ADA Definciency

88
Q

In Pyrimidine Synthesis and Degradation CTP is produced from

A

UTPamination by CTP synthase

89
Q

Thymidine nucleotides are synthesized from

A

dUDP

90
Q

The de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway does not make this

A

TTP

91
Q

dUMP produces

A

dTMP

92
Q

Which enzymatic ring can be opened and degraded to highly soluble products?

A

Pyrimidine ring

Biochemistry II (2 decks)

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