NUTRITION N METABOLIC DISEASE IN DAIRY CATTLE

Question 1

Fatty liver is caused by :

Answer 1

1. cow cannot meet its energy demand
2. less DM intake
3. Negative energy balance

Question 2

Factors of fatty liver :

Answer 2

not enough nutrition
poor management
genetic
cows with BCS above 4.5 has a high risk

Question 3

fatty liver is a condition when

Answer 3

having to much fat build up in the liver.

Occur during early lactation.

Question 4

obese cows tend to have :

Answer 4

1. lipolysis of adipose tissue increase more than normal cow.
2. have greater decrease in feed intake around calving.
3. more severe -ve energy balance
   * energy balance = calories eaten equals the number of calories used

Question 5

what happen during -ve energy balance?

Answer 5

1. body fat is metabolized into bloodstream in the form of non-esterified FA (NEFA)
2. NEFA r taken up and oxidize by liver (not all)
3. NEFA accumulate (in form of triglycerides) within liver.
   * In early stage, it is reversible.

Question 6

NEFA in blood circulation is important in

Answer 6

milk fat synthesis.

Question 7

fatty liver is associated with

Answer 7

ketosis and displaced abomasum.

ketosis = process that happens when your body doesn’t have enough carbohydrates to burn for energy. Instead, it will burn fat to produce ketones for energy.

Question 8

Effect of fatty liver

Answer 8

decreased in milk production and feed intake.

Question 9

how to prevent fatty liver ?

Answer 9

improve the nutrition of cows to improve its metabolic state by :
1. supplying an extra source of blood glucose

2. decreasing mobilization of NEFA from adipose tissue

Question 10

Preventative used to treat fatty liver :

Answer 10

Monensin, glucagon , Ammonium propionate, Na borate

may beneficial/not : glycerol, insulin

Question 11

Ketosis occur during early lactation. It is characterized by :

Answer 11

1. hypoglycemia = low blood sugar// when energy demands (e.g. high milk production) exceed energy intake and result in a negative energy balance.
2. hyperketonemia = energy demands for milk production are greater than the amount of energy cows can consume. This will cause -ve enrgy balance which leads to excessive body fat mobilization (accumulation), which triggers excessive production of ketone bodies in the liver > abnormal increase in blood levels.

Question 12

3 main ketones body :

Answer 12

acetoacetate
beta-hydroxybutrate
acetone

Question 13

Causes of ketosis :

Answer 13

1. -ve energy balance:
   to support high energy demand > body mobilizes fat reserves > release NEFA in blood > excessive NEFA in liver converted into ketone.
2. less DM intake/less feed intake

Question 14

4 main types of ketosis

Answer 14

1. primary ketosis (production ketosis) - 2-4 weeks of lactation
   - when glucose demand exceed gluconeogenesis capacity of liver > increase ketogenesis > high ketone bodies in blood, milk, urine
2. 2ndary ketosis
   - results from other disease > decrease feed intake n increase body fat mobilization > increase NEFA production > more ketone bodies will be produced
3. Butyric acid ketosis
   - silage with high [butyrate] > increased [beta-hydroxybutyrate] in blood
   - consumed this silage in lower amount than usual > butyric acid ketosis
   * b-hydroxybutyrate = provides energy when not enough carbohydrates or sugars have been eaten.
4. underfeeding ketosis
   - occurs in cow tht r fed insufficiently.
   - underfed animals > low in glycogenic precursors > increased ketogenesis
   * glycogenic precursors = enabling the net synthesis of glucose
   - in order for the cow to obtain enough energy > fat is mobilized > high ketosis occur

Question 15

Treatment for ketosis

Answer 15

1. increase blood sugar lvl (500ml of 50% glucose)
2. vet recommends intravenous injection of glucose + insulin
3. supply corticosteroids to boost blood glucose lvls.

Question 16

Rumen acidosis occur during? occur to?

Answer 16

• during early to mid lactation.

- occur in high yielding cows( produces a lot of milk) with high grain ration

Question 17

2 types of rumen acidosis:

Answer 17

1. acute rumen acidosis

- rumen

Question 18

Effect of Subacute rumen acidosis :

Answer 18

1. low feed intake to reduce acid load in their rumen. Cow will start eating again when >ph5.
2. reduced rumination (cud-chewing)
3. mild diarrhoea
4. foamy feces + appearance of undigested grain
5. low ph cause ruminitis, metabolic acidosis, lameness, pneumonia
6. hairless shiny skin due to chronic acid damage to skin

Question 19

Prevention of rumen acidosis :

Answer 19

1. balancing diet for starch n effective fibre
2. avoid sudden change of feed
3. feed roughages with/immediately after feeding grain/molasses

Question 20

Laminitis ?

Answer 20

inflammation of sensitive layers of tissue (laminae) inside the hoof in horses and other animals.

Question 21

Causes of laminitis

Answer 21

1. Inflammation
   inflammation > dysfunction of digital vasculatory sys (circulatory disturbance) > hypoxia (deficiency amount of o2 reaching tissue) at hoof wall > claw bone can rotate & sink inside hoof > laminitis
2. ruminal acidosis (acute/ SARA)
   - acidosis > damage of ruminal epithelium > allows absorption of histamine n endotoxins(induce inflammation) into blood > cause vasoconstriction n inflammation of lamella of hoof > laminitis
3. feeding of high lvl of crude protein
   - products of degradation of protein excess in rumen may be the causative agents.

Question 22

prevention/nutrition to cure laminitis :

Answer 22

1. supplement biotin & zinc help to reduce lameness (improve claw horn quality).
   - biotin : for keratinisation, keratin protein synthesis, lipogenesis
   - zinc : formation of proteins for keratinization
2. vit A n E maintani claw integrity
3. mineral (iodene,Cu, Manganese)
4. feed additional buffers n good quality roughages
5. foot baths (2-5% CuSo4)