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Nutrition and Metabolism > Nutrition - Macronutrients and Energy Balance > Flashcards

Nutrition - Macronutrients and Energy Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Define nutrient.

A

Micronutrients:

  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Essential amino acids
  • Essential fatty acids
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2
Q

How are nutritional requirements calculated?

A

Take intake from:

  • Groups with no deficiency
  • Those with deficiency
  • Intake that cures clinical deficiency
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3
Q

What is the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)?

A

Notional mean requirement of a nutrient

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4
Q

What is the Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI)?

A

Two standard deviations above the EAR, sufficient to meet the needs of most of the population.

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5
Q

What is the Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI)?

A

Two standard deviations below the EAR, almost certainly inadequate for most individuals.

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6
Q

What proportion of adults are overweight/obese?

A

2/3 of adults
22% men, 23% women
Obesity has tripled in the last 20 years.

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7
Q

How does social class correlated to sugar consumption?

A

Sugar consumption increases from social class I to V.

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8
Q

Give 5 risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

A
  • High blood cholesterol.
  • Hypertension
  • Smoking
  • Inactivity
  • Obesity
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9
Q

What is the average salt intake in the UK, what is the the recommended amount?

A

Average = 9g/day
Recommended = 6g/day
High salt intake is associated with high blood pressure

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10
Q

What ethnic group has a particularly high risk of high blood pressure?

A

British of South Asian origin - due to high salt diet

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11
Q

What proportions of men and women die from coronary heart disease?

A

1/5 men
1/7 women
However deaths from CHD has decrease by 50% from 1990 to 2010

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12
Q

What are the recommended proportions of your diet by the Department of Health?

A

Total fat = 30-33%
Protein = 10-15%
Sucrose = no more than 10%
Alcohol = no more than 5 %

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13
Q

Give 5 ways of measuring body composition.

A
  • Body density
  • Body water - gives measurement of lean mass
  • Total body potassium
  • Methyl histidine or creatinine excretion - proportional to amount of muscle
  • Skin fold measurements
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14
Q

What is the energy content in 1g of carbohydrate?

A

4.0kcal = 16.8kj

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15
Q

What is the energy content in 1g of fat?

A

9.0kcal = 38.6kj

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16
Q

What is the energy content in 1g of protein?

A

5.4kcal = 22.7kj

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17
Q

What is the energy content in 1g of alcohol?

A

7.0 = 29.4kj

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18
Q

How is oxygen consumption portional to energy expenditure?

A

1 litre O2 = 20kjoules

19
Q

What is your Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

A

Energy expenditure of doing nothing. (sleeping)

20
Q

What is Diet Induced Thermogenesis?

A

Energy used during digestion - production of heat.

21
Q

How are obesity and leptin related?

A

Leptin = hormone that controls appetite.
Obese people often have higher concentrations of leptin as they are leptin resistance.
Leptin infections will not help weight-loss.

22
Q

Give some causes of obesity.

A

Genetic (very rare) - MC receptor deficiency (leptin receptor)
Socio-economic/cultural - higher obesity in lower socio-economic groups in the UK. In some countries it is seen as a status symbol.
Endocrinological - adrenal hyperactivity, hypothyroidism
Lack of physical activity/over eating

23
Q

Conditions associated with obesity.

A 
Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes mellitus type 2
Respiratory problems
Hypertension
Reduced fertility in men
Gall bladder stones
24
Q

What are 4 pharmacological therapies for obesity? Are they used or not?

A

Thyroid hormone treatment - dangerous so is not used
Sibutramine - increases concentration of serotonin which reduces appetite. Not used as causes depression
Orlistat - currently in use. Decreases fat absorption. Must be used with low fat diet to reduce side effects.
Leptin therapy - modest effect but obese people have leptin resistance.

25
Q

Name 4 types of surgical treatment for obesity.

A

Liposuction
Resection of the intestine
Stomach stapling
Stomach banding

26
Q

What is the average UK intake of fat?

A

88g/day

40% total energy intake

27
Q

What is the importance of essential fatty acids?

A

Major constituent of membrane phospholipid.

Precursors of eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins)

28
Q

What is the requirement for essential fatty acids?

A

2-5g/day

In UK diet average = 8-15g/day so deficiency is rare

29
Q

How is diet linked to cardiovascular disease?

A

Increased saturated fatty acids leads to increased LDL and total cholesterol.
Cholesterol levels can be lowered by increased intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

30
Q

What are the average intakes of carbohydrate in the diets in affluent compared to poorer countries?

A 
Affluent = 40% of daily energy intake
Poorer = 80-90% of daily energy intake
31
Q

Is carbohydrate necessary in the diet?

A

Not necessary but has a protein sparing effect and low carb diets lead to fat utilisation and ketosis.

32
Q

Name four different types of monosaccharide and their sources.

A

Glucose - small amounts in fruit
Fructose - small amounts in fruit
Sorbitol - commercially prepared for diabetic foods
Inositol - in fibre as hexaphosphate

33
Q

How many grams of sucrose/day will likely lead to zero dental carries? How does this compare to the UK average intake?

A 
<60g = no dental carries
105g/day = average UK intake
34
Q

What proportion of diet is made up of protein?

A

10-15% of total energy intake
14% = US/UK
10% = developing countries

35
Q

What is the daily protein recommendation?

A

0.75g/kg/day

No more than 1.5g/kg/day

36
Q

What are the 10 essential amino acids?

A

PVT TIM HALL

Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine

Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine

Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine

37
Q

What protein sources are high/low quality?

A

Animal origin = high quality as they have higher utilisation and less waste.
Plant proteins are often lacking in certain amino acids hence are low quality

38
Q

What occurs in excess protein consumption?

A

May lead to bone demineralisation or deterioration of renal function

39
Q

Name the 4 pathological conditions caused by protein-energy malnutrition.

A

Growth failure
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
Marasmic kwashiorkor

40
Q

What is the prevalence of PEM?

A

Globally, 20-75% of children under 5 have suffered from malnutrition in developing countries.

41
Q

Outline BMI boudaries in children.

A

Acceptable = 18.5-25
Moderate PEM = 17-18.4
Moderately severe PEM = 16-17
Severe PEM = <16

42
Q

What is Marasmus?

A 
Protein-energy malnutrition.
<60% expected weight for age.
Caused by chronic shortage of food in developing countries.
Extreme emaciation
Muscle wasting
Loss of protein from vital organs
Impaired immune response and GI tract
43
Q

What is Kwashiorkor?

A 
Severe protein-energy malnutrition.
Same as marasmus but with severe OEDEMA.
Enlarged fatty liver.
Dermatitis/change in hair colour/texture
Can lead to permanent mental retardation
44
Q

How are PEM conditions treated?

A

Fluid and electrolytes balanced first.
Dextrose solution
Dilute milk
Solid foods when tolerated.

Nutrition and Metabolism (11 decks)

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