Nutrition Lec definition of terms Flashcards
One of the building blocks of protein
Amino acid
The idea that amino acids are “Bausteine” (building stones) came from the
Nobel Prize winning German biochemist
Albrecht Kossel
An essential nutrient found mainly in fruits and vegetables.
Vitamin C
One that cannot be stored by the body except in
insignificant amounts. It must be replenished daily.
water-soluble vitamin
a protein needed to develop and maintain healthy teeth,
bones, gums, cartilage, vertebrae discs, joint linings, skin and blood vessels.
collagen
Helps produce collagen, Helps fight infections, Appears to dilate (widen, enlarge) blood vessels and thereby lessen the risk of
developing high blood pressure and heart disease, Prevents
the development of scurvy.
Ascorbic acid
A disease characterized by weakness, fatigue, anemia, swollen
joints, bleeding gums, and loose teeth. It was common aboard ships in earlier times
because crews traveled for long periods without eating fresh vegetables or fruit.
scurvy
ideal nutrition and it is sufficient to support optimal growth and
development for the first 6 months after birth
Exclusive breastfeeding
it is recommended that breastfeeding continue for at least 6 months
False (CA: 12)
A mineral found mainly in the hard part of bones
Calcium
Cells that add calcium to the bones
Osteoblasts
Cells that remove calcium from the bones.
Osteoclasts
Low calcium level results in nervous system sensitivity.
Hypocalcemia
recommended vitamin c intake for babies from birth to 1 year old
30 to 35 mg
Recommended vit c intake in babies from 1 to 3 years.
40 mg
Recommended vit c intake in children from 4 to 10 years.
45 mg
Recommended vit c intake in pregnant and lactating women
70 - 90 mg
Recommended vit c intake for diabetics, elderly persons, and patients suffering from allergies (as instructed by physician)
up to 200 mg
Recommended vit c intake for diabetics, elderly persons, and patients suffering from allergies (as instructed by physician)
200 mg
Recommended vit c intake normal adults
60 mg
What happens when a patient is overdosed in vitamin c?
Diarrhea, Nausea, Skin irritation, burning upon urination, and depletion of mineral copper.
How many grams in an ounce?
.0353
Recommened calcium intake per day on men and women
1 g
Upper intake of calcium per day on both men and women
2.5 g
What happens when a patent is overdosed in calcium?
Muscle weakness, constipation, heart block, calcium stones (nephrocalcinosis), impair kidne function.
What happens when a patient is lacking calcium in their body or has a condition called hypo calcemia?
Nervous system irritation with tetany. Chronic cases lead to poor bone mineralization, rickets, osteoporosis, soft bones (osteo malcia), impaired growth.
A unit of food energy
Calorie
amount of energy required to
raise the temperature of a liter of water one degree centigrade at sea level
Kilocalorie
One of the three nutrients that are used as energy sources (calories) by the
body. Come in
the form of simple sugars and complex forms, such as starches and fiber
Carbohydrate
(T or F) Intake of complex carbohydrates can lower blood
cholesterol when they are substituted for saturated fat
True
energy produced by carbohydrates
4 calories per gram
how much energy is produced by proteins
4 calories per gram
energy produced by fats
9 calories per gram
A technique used especially for athletes to increase the amount of glycogen in their muscles.
Carbohydrate loading
A disorder resulting from immune reaction to gluten. This is manifested by impaired absorption of nutrients in the small intestine; hence, resulting to diarrhea.
Celiac Disease
The most common type of steroid in the body
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is characterized in this form when entering the bloodstream.
Lipoproteins
At what age start when a patient should get a cholesterol testing recommended every 5 years?
20
A glycosaminoglycan (formerly called a mucopolysaccharide) found in
cartilage, bone, blood vessels and connective tissues
Chondroitin Sulfate
Types of chondroitin sulfate that can abnormally accumulate in several of the mucopolysaccharidosis disorders.
Chondroitin sulfate A and C
An eating plan designed to lower blood pressure
DASH Diet
DASH is an acronym for:
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
The DASH
“combination diet” is rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods, and low in saturated and
total fat. It also is low in cholesterol, high in dietary fiber, potassium, calcium, and magnesium,
and moderately high in protein.
Just a reminder
Better known today as glucose
Dextrose
a new dietary reference term that will appear on food labels. designed to help consumers use food label information to plan a healthy diet.
DVs (Daily Values)
For nutrients for which no set of standards previously existed,
such as fat and cholesterol. A set of dietary references that applies to fat, saturated fat,
cholesterol, carbohydrate, protein, fiber, sodium, and potassium.
Daily Reference Values
(DRVs)
replace the term “U.S. RDAs”
(Recommended Daily Allowances), which were introduced in 1973 as a reference value for
vitamins, minerals and protein in voluntary nutrition labeling
Reference Daily Intakes (RDIs)
(T or F) The Daily Reference Value serves as a basis for declaring on the label the percent of the DV for each nutrient that a serving of the food provides.
False (CA: Daily Value)
(T or F) DRVs for energy-producing nutrients (fat, carbohydrate, protein, and fiber) are based on the number of calories consumed per day.
True
How many calories has been established as the reference value for calculating percent Daily Values?
2,000 calories
The group most often targeted for weight reduction
Postmenopausal women
How much fat is calculated based on the amount of calories?
30 percent
How much saturated fat is calculated based on the amount of calories?
10 percent
How much carbohydrate is calculated based on the amount of calories?
60 percent
How much protein is calculated based on the amount of calories?
10 percent
(T or F) Sodium and Potassium contribute to the calorie levels
False
Excessive loss of body water
Dehydration
Symptoms: increasing thirst, dry mouth, weakness or lightheadedness (particularly if worsening on standing), or a darkening/decrease in urination are suggestive
Dehydration
nutrients that affect fluid balance in the body and are necessary for our
nerves and muscles to function
Electrolytes
Protein that acts as a catalyst to mediate and speed a specific chemical reaction
Enzyme
(T or F) Intake of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats can help to reduce
blood cholesterol when substituted for saturated fats in the diet.
True
molecules composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms
Fatty Acids
A fatty acid that has the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms attached to every carbon atom.
Saturated Fatty Acid
Vital importance to digestion, helping the body move food through the digestive tract, reducing
serum cholesterol, and contributing to disease prevention.
Fiber
(T or F) Soluble fiber substances are effective in helping reduce the blood
sugar
False (CA: Blood cholesterol)
Most abundant mineral in the body
Calcium
(T or F) The body can survive for a few days without water
False
How much percent of the body is made up of water?
60%
important factor in nucleic acid synthesis (the genetic material
of all cells). Deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia.
Folate (folic acid)
“those foods that
encompass potentially healthful products including any modified food or ingredient that may
provide a health benefit beyond the traditional nutrients it contains. Examples include cereals
Functional foods
A molecule derived from the sugar glucose by the addition of an amino (NH2)
group. It is also a remedy for the relief of osteoarthritis symptoms.
Glucosamine
(T or F) Multiple researches prove that glucosamine alone,
or in combination with chondroitin, is of any value in rebuilding cartilage
False
The only vitamin that can be produced by the body.
Vitamin D
(T or F) Unless otherwise directed by their pediatricians,
routine vitamin supplementation is not necessary for healthy full-term infants taking formulas.
True
An essential element in the diet which is used by the thyroid glad to produce thyroid hormones.
Iodine
An essential element in the diet which is used by the thyroid glad to produce thyroid hormones.
Iodine
Both iodine deficiency and Iodine excess can lead to:
Hypothyroidism and Goiter
Its deficiency results in anemia since this is necessary in making hemoglobin, the key molecule responsible for oxygen transportation in the blood.
Iron
Recommended dietary allowance per day of Iron in women
15 mg
Recommended dietary allowance per day of Iron in men.
10 mg
(T or F) Iodine overload can damage the heart, liver, gonads and other organs
False (CA: Iron)
The major positive ion found inside of the cells.
K (Potassium)
Abnormal increase of potassium
Hyperkalemia
Normal blood potassium level
3.5 - 5.0 milliequivalents/liter (mEq/L)
Enzyme that breaks down the milk sugar lactose.
Lactase
(T or F) Lactase production in the body normally decreases with age
True
The bacteria found in milk and fermented milk products, assists with the digestive process within the intestinal tract.
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Inability to digest lactose due to lack of lactase.
Lactose intolerance
A chemical compound characterized by the fact that it is insoluble in water
Lipid
A complex of lipid and protein, the way lipids travel in the blood
Lipoprotein
Low magnesium and is associated with Hypokalemia and Hypocalcemia. Causes increased irritability of the nervous system with tetany (spasms of the hands and feet, muscular twitching and cramps, spasm of the larynx, etc.)
Hypomagnesemia
Recommended daily allowances of magnesium for men
420 mg
Recommended daily allowances of magnesium for women
320 mg
Whole range of biochemical processes that occur within us
Metabolism:
Metabolism: buildup
Anabolism
Metabolism: breaking down
Catabolism
Amount of energy liberated per unit of time. Is represented by the work we do, heat from body metabolism, and stored energy, such as in the form of fat.
Metabolic Rate
metabolic rate determined at rest 12 to 14 hours after the last meal.
“basal metabolic rate” (BMR)
(T or F) The metabolic rate is actually highest during sleep.
False (CA: Lowest)
(T or F) The metabolic rate is affected by recent food ingestion, muscle exertion, environmental temperature, height, weight, body surface area, age, sex, emotional state, body temperature, pregnancy, menstruation, level of thyroid hormones, and “stress” hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine).
True
one of the water-soluble B vitamins, lowers the total cholesterol, “bad” LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, while raising the “good” HDL-cholesterol level.
Niacin for high cholesterol
Inexpensive and widely accessible to patients without a prescription but must
not be used for cholesterol lowering without the monitoring of a physician because of the potential side effects.
Nicotinic acid
another form of the vitamin niacin, does not lower
cholesterol levels and should not be used in the place of nicotinic acid
Nicotinamide
(T or F) Nicotinic acid reduces LDL-cholesterol levels by up to 25 percent, reduces triglycerides by 20 to 50 percent, and raises HDL-cholesterol by 15 to 35 percent.
True
Common side effects of taking nicotinic acid
Hot flashes, liver problems, gout, and high blood sugar (for diabetic patients)
“disease of the four D’s” – dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and death
Pellagra
Deficiency of this acid causes Pellagra
Niacin
A rash on areas of the skin exposed to light or trauma and ulcerations within the
mouth
Dermatitis
Mental disorientation, confusion, delusions and depression
Dementia
Discovered and proposed that Pellagra is caused by a nutritional deficiency and began experiments on Mississippi prison inmates.
Dr. Joseph Goldberger (1874-1929)
A food or part of a food that allegedly provides medicinal or health benefits,
including the prevention and treatment of disease.
Nutraceuticals
The active health-protecting compounds that are found as components of plants.
Phytochemical/Phytonutrient
One of the three nutrients that are used as energy sources (calories) by the body along with fats and carbohydrates.
Protein
a set of dietary references based on the Recommended Dietary
Allowances for essential vitamins and minerals and, in selected groups, protein. The name “RDI”
replaces the term “U.S. RDA.”
RDIs (Reference Daily Intakes)
a set of estimated nutrient allowances established by the National Academy of Sciences.
RDAs (Recommended Dietary Allowances)
An essential mineral that is a component of a key antioxidant enzyme, glutathione
reductase, in tissue respiration. A deficiency from this mineral causes Keshan Disease.
Selenium
A fatal form of cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle)
Keshan disease
According to RDA, this is the recommended dietary allowances per day for men
70 mg
According to RDA, this is the recommended dietary allowances per day for women
55 mg
Normal blood sodium level
135-145 milliequivalents/liter (mEq/L)
(Fatty Acids) These are byproducts of partial hydrogenation, a process in which some of the missing hydrogen atoms are put back into polyunsaturated.
Trans Fatty Acids
A fatty substance that is composed of three fatty acids each of which is attached
to a glycerol molecule. It either comes from the diet or the liver but is cannot be transported into the bloodstream without turning into lipoproteins.
Triglyceride
(T or F) elevated triglyceride is often
associated with other conditions that increase the risk of atherosclerosis including obesity, low levels of HDL- cholesterol, insulin resistance and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, and small, dense LDL cholesterol particles.
True
Coined the term Vitamins back in 1911
Biochemist Casimir Funk
(T or F) vitamins are amines.
False
Carotene compounds responsible for transmitting light sensation in the
retina of the eye
Vitamin A
Deficiency in Vitamin A leads to:
Night Blindness
An antioxidant that protects cells against oxidation damage that can lead to
cancer. It is further converted to Vitamin A
Beta carotene
Excessive intake of Beta Carotene common in infants after fed by large amounts of smashed carrots. It causes the temporary yellowing of the skin.
Carotenemia
Acts as a coenzyme in body metabolism. Deficiency leads to beriberi, a
disease of the heart and nervous system.
Vitamin B1 or Thiamin
essential for the reactions of coenzymes. Deficiency causes
inflammation of the lining of the mouth and skin.
Vitamin B2 or Riboflavin
an essential part of coenzymes of body metabolism. Deficiency causes
inflammation of the skin, vagina, rectum and mouth, as well as mental slowing.
Vitamin B3 or Niacin
a cofactor for enzymes. Deficiency leads to inflammation of the skin and mouth, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, weakness and anemia.
Vitamin B6 or Pyridoxine
important factor in nucleic acid synthesis (the genetic material). Deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia.
Folate (folic acid)
An essential factor in nucleic acid synthesis (the genetic material of all cells). Deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia, as can be seen in pernicious anemia.
Vitamin B12
important in the synthesis of collagen, the framework protein for tissues of the body. Deficiency leads to scurvy, characterized by fragile capillaries, poor wound healing, and bone deformity in children.
Vitamin C or Ascorbic acid
A steroid vitamin that promotes absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. Can be synthesized by the skin upon exposure to sunlight.
Vitamin D
Deficiency can lead to anemia
Vitamin E
An essential factor in the formation of blood clotting factors. Deficiency can lead to abnormal bleeding
Vitamin K
Associated with short stature, anemia, increased pigmentation of skin (hyperpigmentation), enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), impaired gonadal function (hypogonadism), impaired wound healing, and immune deficiency
Zinc deficiency
