Nutrition in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence

Question 1

At birth, the reflexes an infant has are

a. rooting, biting, and swallowing.
b. sucking, munching, and swallowing.
c. rooting, sucking, and swallowing.
d. grasping, sucking, and gagging.

Answer 1

rooting, sucking, and swallowing.

Question 2

Foods for infants should be prepared without added

a. sugar and salt.
b. salt and herbs.
c. wheat and sugar.
d. milk and wheat.

Answer 2

sugar and salt.

Foods for infants are prepared without added sugar and salt. Foods should not be overseasoned to let tastes develop gradually.

Question 3

The phase that shows the most erratic growth is

a. infancy.
b. childhood.
c. adolescence.
d. adulthood.

Answer 3

childhood.

physical growth and appetite occur in spurts. Mental capacities are developing and the environment is expanding. Their experiences vary, and children form life patterns in attitudes and basic eating habits. The generally slow and irregular growth rate continues in the early school years, and body changes occur gradually.

Question 4

During a check-up at the clinic, a child’s growth is evaluated by using

a. fitness testing.
b. clinical observation.
c. food records.
d. growth charts.

Answer 4

growth charts.

are an assessment tool for measuring normal growth patterns in infants, children, and adolescents. These charts are based on large numbers of well-nourished children representing the national population.

Question 5

A good nutrient source of energy for children is

a. chicken.
b. cereal with added sugar.
c. whole wheat crackers.
d. vitamin supplement.

Answer 5

whole wheat crackers.

The main energy source for children is carbohydrates, which also act as a protein-sparer so that the protein vital for building tissue during childhood growth is not diverted for energy needs.

Question 6

In the growing years, the greatest need for calories is for

a. tissue growth.
b. physical activities.
c. specific dynamic effect.
d. basal metabolic needs.

Answer 6

basal metabolic needs.

Basal metabolism accounts for 50% of total daily caloric intake during childhood.

Question 7

An example of a food that provides building material for tissue growth is

a. bread.
b. cheese.
c. broccoli.
d. an orange.

Answer 7

cheese.

Protein is the fundamental tissue-building substance of the body. Cheese is a food high in protein.

Question 8

An 8-lb 1-month-old infant requires an approximate daily fluid requirement of _____ mL.

a. 152
b. 277
c. 436
d. 556

Answer 8

436
In this case, a 1-month-old requires approximately 120 mL/kg of daily fluid = 8 lb = 3.6 kg (8/2.2 kg/lb)  120 ml/kg = 436 mL.

Question 9

Compared with adults, infants and young children have more body fluid

a. outside the cells.
b. inside the cells.
c. in the bloodstream.
d. in intestinal secretions.

Answer 9

outside the cells.

A larger proportion of an infant and child’s total body water is outside the cells and more easily available for loss, potentially resulting in dehydration.

Question 10

An important function of calcium for the growing child is

a. vision development.
b. prevention of anemia.
c. mental development.
d. bone and tooth development.

Answer 10

bone and tooth development.

Question 11

An adequate source of iron for a breastfed infant at 6 months of age is

a. cow’s milk.
b. goat’s milk.
c. enriched rice cereal.
d. applesauce.

Answer 11

enriched rice cereal.

the infant’s nutritional needs for iron exceed what is provided exclusively by breast milk, and the addition of solid foods and enriched cereals at approximately 6 months of age helps supply additional iron.

Question 12

Hypervitaminosis of vitamins A or D is most likely to occur because of

a. excessive milk intake.
b. overexposure to the sun.
c. overuse of vitamin supplements.
d. inadequate intake of vegetables and fruits.

Answer 12

overuse of vitamin supplements

Excess intake may occur over prolonged periods as a result of ignorance, carelessness, or misunderstanding.

Question 13

It is important for the infant to develop a sense of

a. trust.
b. autonomy.
c. identity.
d. initiative

Answer 13

trust.

to feel secure with feeding, especially if breastfed. Food is intimately related at each stage of development because physical growth and psychological development go hand in hand.

Question 14

A full-term infant is an infant born

a. at 30 weeks’ gestation.
b. at 2 kg (5 lb) or less.
c. at approximately 40 weeks’ gestation.
d. small for gestational age.

Answer 14

at approximately 40 weeks’ gestation.

Question 15

The most suitable first solid food for infants is

a. yogurt.
b. pureed bananas.
c. pureed squash.
d. infant rice cereal.

Answer 15

infant rice cereal.

usually is the most suitable first solid food for infants because foods containing wheat have a higher risk of allergy-related reactions.

Question 16

The ideal first food for newborns is

a. infant formula.
b. cow’s milk.
c. breast milk.
d. rice cereal.

Answer 16

breast milk.

because its nutrients are uniquely adapted to meet the growth needs of the infant in forms more easily digested, absorbed, and used.

Question 17

The first milk secreted by a new mother is called

a. lactation.
b. colostomy.
c. colostrum.
d. prolactin.

Answer 17

colostrum.

is a thin, yellow fluid first secreted by the mammary gland a few days after childbirth, preceding the mature breast milk.

Question 18

The approximate age for adding solid food to an infant’s diet is _____ months.

a. 4
b. 6
c. 8
d. 12

Answer 18

6

Because the infant’s system cannot use solid foods well before 6 months, they are not yet needed.

Question 19

Babies should not be put to sleep with a bottle of formula because

a. infants should not hold their own bottles.
b. this could lead to early tooth decay.
c. infants should not suck while asleep.
d. susceptibility to diarrhea is increased.

Answer 19

this could lead to early tooth decay.

Question 20

Cow’s milk is not recommended for infants during the early months because it

a. is not nutritionally adequate.
b. does not contain enough protein.
c. contains too much fat and is not easily digested.
d. has a high solute load and may cause gastrointestinal bleeding.

Answer 20

has a high solute load and may cause gastrointestinal bleeding.

because its concentration may cause gastrointestinal bleeding and it provides too heavy a load of solutes for the infant’s renal system.

Question 21

Young children should be offered

a. large portions so they can decide how much to eat.
b. small portions so they can ask for more if hungry.
c. larger portions of food as they grow older.
d. the same amount of food each day.

Answer 21

small portions so they can ask for more if hungry.

Question 22

Failure to thrive may be caused by

a. early sitting and crawling.
b. sleeping with a bottle.
c. overuse of vitamin supplements.
d. overdilution of formula.

Answer 22

over dilution of formula.

Failure to thrive is used to describe infants, children, or adolescents who fail to grow and develop normally. It commonly affects children aged 1 to 5 years of both sexes.

Question 23

Food intake may decrease after the first year of life and caloric need is not as great because

a. the child is using baby fat stores.
b. muscle development is occurring.
c. the child is still relatively inactive.
d. the growth rate slows down.

Answer 23

the growth rate slows down.

Question 24

During the school-age years, the rate of growth

a. increases rapidly.
b. is slow and irregular.
c. increases slowly.
d. is similar to that during the preschool years.

Answer 24

is slow and irregular

with body changes occurring gradually. In the year or two before adolescence, in particular, reserves are being laid for the rapid growth period just ahead.

Question 25

The final growth spurt of childhood occurs

a. at the end of the school-age period.
b. with the onset of puberty.
c. at the end of adolescence.
d. during young adulthood.

Answer 25

with the onset of puberty.

This rapid growth is evident in increasing body size and development of sex characteristics in response to hormonal influences.

Question 26

Eating disorders are common in adolescent girls because

a. their appetites are low.
b. adolescents are busy and may miss meals.
c. society and peers value thinness.
d. they tend to be overzealous in following low-fat eating patterns.

Answer 26

society and peers value thinness.

Question 27

Which of the following is a valid reason for breastfeeding rather than bottle feeding?

a. Breastfeeding promotes rapid maternal weight loss.
b. Breast milk is higher in iron than infant formula.
c. Breastfeeding helps protect infants against infection.
d. Breastfeeding is an effective contraceptive.

Answer 27

Breastfeeding helps protect infants against infection.

Question 28

Finger foods can be given to infants between ages _____ months.

a. 6 and 8
b. 7 and 9
c. 9 and 12
d. 12 and 18

Answer 28

6 and 8

when they begin to develop a pincer grasp to pick up small items between the thumb and forefinger and put them in the mouth.

Question 29

Parents who use natural foods should be advised to

a. add honey to water if the infant is constipated.
b. avoid giving honey to a child younger than 1 year.
c. add honey to infant foods as a good source of energy.
d. use only unprocessed honey.

Answer 29

avoid giving honey to a child younger than 1 year.

because botulism spores have been reported in honey and the immune capacity of the young infant cannot resist this infection.

Question 30

Effective strategies for weight management in children include

a. regular physical activity.
b. counting calorie intake.
c. eliminating snacks.
d. eliminating fried foods.

Answer 30

regular physical activity

Regular physical activity is a key strategy in maintaining a healthy weight in children along with varied and healthy food choices.