Nutrition Hot Topics and Controversies Flashcards
Any food product that is certified organic by the United States Department of Agriculture and, therefore, meets certain criteria for agricultural and animal-husbandry practices.
organic food
Any food product that comes from the intensive agricultural and animal-husbandry methods employed in the United States (e.g., heavy pesticide use and concentrated animal feedlots).
conventional food
Feed that provides highly concentrated sources of nutrients and supplementation to livestock.
concentrate feed
Natural compounds produced by bacteria, fungi, or plants, which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism.
secondary metabolites
Class of natural chemicals found abundantly in plants that have unique biological effects when consumed.
polyphenols
A hazardous natural chemical compound that is resistant to biodegradation and thus remains in the environment for a long time.
persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
An essential omega-3 fatty acid that is converted into EPA and DHA within the body, albeit in limited amounts.
Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA)
Refers to animals that have been raised in an ecologically appropriate way; allowed to forage and graze on pasture throughout life.
grass-fed and finished
A carotenoid that plays an important role within the human brain and retina as an antioxidant.
lutein
Switching from a conventional to an organic-based diet can increase the polyphenol intake by the equivalent of 1-2 servings of fruits and vegetables without changing actual food or energy intake. The beneficial effects of polyphenols have been linked to what? Check all that apply.
A. Glycolysis
B. Inflammation management
C. Weight loss
D. Cancer prevention
E. Vascular health
F. Brain function
B, D, E, F
Beef from grass-fed and finished cattle have noted to have higher concentrations of what? Check all that apply.
A. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
B. EPA
C. DHA
D. Vitamin A
E. Vitamin E
all of the above
Pasteurized eggs have how much more DHA than conventional eggs?
3.5 times
Any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques (e.g., bacteria-mediated recombination)
GMO
An extremely hazardous chemical that can be produced by the cooking of starchy foods (e.g., French fries).
acrylamide
Naturally occurring short-chain carbohydrates poorly absorbed in the small intestine.
FODMAPs
Term describing the control of material passing from inside the small intestine to the rest of the body, also known as leaky gut.
intestinal permeability
A product that modulates the permeability of tight junctions between cells of the small intestine.
zonulin
An endotoxin produced by gram-negative bacteria that elicit an inflammatory response if absorbed into circulation from the gastrointestinal tract.
lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
A cereal grain or pseudograin that contains the endosperm, germ, and bran.
whole-meal grains
Grass seeds used in the same way as true cereal grains, often serving as a replacement (e.g., ground into flour or consumed as porridge) – examples include amaranth, buckwheat, and quinoa.
pseuograins
With an emerging industry of different GMOs now available, clients will come to you with questions on what these are, their consumption risks, and overall long-term effects from use. What are some direct benefits of promoting and supporting GMOs? Check all that apply.
A. Decreased pesticide exposure
B. Increased crop yields
C. Increased nutrient content
D. Decreased allergies
B. Increased crop yields
C. Increased nutrient content
What are some examples of gluten-free grains a client could consume who have celiac disease or have heightened gluten sensitivity? Check all that apply.
A. White/Brown Rice
B. Rye
C. Barley
D. Quinoa
A, D
A sweetener made from the enzymatic conversion of corn starch into glucose and fructose.
high-fructose corn syrup
The enzyme that turns fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate, a key regulatory step in the glycolytic pathway.
phosphofructokinase
The process by which fatty acids are synthesized from other compounds (e.g., glucose) within the liver.
de novo lipogenesis
Any radioactive atom detectable in a material in a chemical, biological, or physical system and used to mark that material for study, to observe its progress through the system, or to determine its distribution.
isotopic tracer
A zero-calorie food additive that provides a sweet taste like that of sugar.
non-nutritive sweetener
A synthetic nonnutritive sweetener.
artificial sweetener
What are the major differences between fructose and glucose? Check all that apply.
A. Fructose is metabolized primarily within the liver.
B. Promotes overeating and consequential weight gain compared to glucose.
C. The body continues to create energy from fructose even if the body doesn’t need it.
D. There is no difference in how the body metabolizes fructose compared to glucose.
all of the above
Relative to sucrose, what is the sweetness of Acesulfame Potassium (Ace-K)?
200x
Relative to sucrose, what is the sweetness of Advantame?
20,000x
Relative to sucrose, what is the sweetness of Aspartame?
200x
Relative to sucrose, what is the sweetness of Neotame?
10,000x
Relative to sucrose, what is the sweetness of saccharin?
400x
Relative to sucrose, what is the sweetness of sucralose?
600x
Relative to sucrose, what is the sweetness of stevia?
300x
Relative to sucrose, what is the sweetness of monk fruit?
175x
The process of attempting to purify the body from ill-defined toxins through restrictive dieting and foolhardy supplementation (e.g., The Master Cleanse or Fat Flush).
detox and cleansing programs
Clients will come to you with many questions regarding the various detoxes and cleanses available. What following statement would be the best approach to explaining detoxification to a client?
A. The popular detoxes you might have seen help support our ability to rid toxins by giving our bodies the time to rid itself without taking on more toxins.
B. We all have a natural ability to detoxify our bodies within the liver and then excreted via bile o the kidneys. To support our body’s ability to so should be done by eating nutrient-dense foods rich in vitamins, minerals, and amino acids.
C. The body, overtime, accumulates toxins from the foods we eat and environment we live in. Sweating can help rid our body of these toxins.
B. We all have a natural ability to detoxify our bodies within the liver and then excreted via bile o the kidneys. To support our body’s ability to so should be done by eating nutrient-dense foods rich in vitamins, minerals, and amino acids.
What are some downsides to juicing fruits and vegetables compared to consuming them raw? Check all that apply.
A. Lack fiber
B. Lose out on some phytochemicals
C. More calories
D. Short shelf life
A, B
Organic meat and milk, compared to conventional, contains significantly greater concentrations of what nutrient?
a. Saturated fatty acids
b. Protein
c. Omega-3 fatty acids
d. Monounsaturated fatty acids
c. Omega-3 fatty acids
Which of the following is produced in the lowest quantity during fructose metabolism?
a. Fatty acids
b. Lactate
c. Glucose
d. Glycogen
a. Fatty acids
Gluten increases intestinal permeability by interacting with which one of the following molecules?
a. Lipase
b. Lipopolysaccharide
c. Zonulin
d. Butyrate
c. Zonulin
The greatest concern of consumers of organic foods is the perception that organic foods are which of the following?
a. Environmentally friendly
b. Socially accepted
c. Healthy
d. Economically beneficial
c. Healthy
Which answer most appropriately describes the effect of consuming nonnutritive sweeteners on appetite and food intake?
a. Insulin sensitivity
b. Blood lipids
c. Body weight
d. Blood pressure
a. Insulin sensitivity
What is the reason that most studies researching the health effects of fructose are not relevant?
a. They are too short in duration.
b. They use too-low doses of fructose.
c. They use unrealistic doses of fructose.
d. They involve unhealthy participants.
c. They use unrealistic doses of fructose.
Grass-fed or grass-finished cattle are different from organic cattle primarily because of which of the following reasons?
a. Grass-fed or grass-finished cattle get more exercise.
b. Grass-fed or grass-finished cattle have more illnesses.
c. Organic cattle eat grains during the end of their life.
d. Organic cattle do not eat fresh pasture grass.
c. Organic cattle eat grains during the end of their life.
Compared to other carbohydrates, calorie-equated exchange for fructose affects which of the following?
a. Cholesterol levels
b. Body weight
c. Blood lipids
d. Glycemic control
d. Glycemic control
Blood pressure, glycemic control, and which of the following are beneficially affected by calorie-equated exchange for fructose when compared to other carbohydrates?
a. Hydration levels
b. Lean mass
c. Protein synthesis
d. Fatty liver
d. Fatty liver
Non-celiac gluten sensitivity is best described as which of the following?
a. Allergic reaction
b. Autoimmune condition
c. Food sensitivity
d. Gluten intolerance
c. Food sensitivity
Which of the following is produced in the greatest quantity during fructose metabolism?
a. Glucose
b. Fat
c. Lactate
d. Glycogen
a. Glucose
What is the primary difference between conventional and organic agriculture?
pesticide use
Switching from conventional to organic produce significantly reduces biomarkers of pesticide exposure in as little as how many days?
5-7 days
How many nonnutritive sweeteners have been approved for use by the FDA?
a. 8
b. 6
c. 4
d. 2
a. 8
The organic market has seen substantial increases over the past decade, bringing in over $____ in 2017 and accounting for ___% of total food sales in the U.S.
$45 billion, 5.5%
Organic produce has ___ lower levels of pesticide residue than conventional produce
4 fold
Organic crops have __% more total antioxidant activity and ____% greater concentrations of specific polyphenol compounds than conventional crops.
17%, 18-69%
The average dose of fructose used during controlled trials was greater than the intake of what percentile of Americans?
a. 30%
b. 50%
c. 95%
d. 75%
c. 95%
Toxins and toxicants accumulate in humans primarily within which of the following?
a. Fat
b. Blood
c. Muscle
d. Skin
a. Fat
Blood pressure, glycemic control, and which of the following are beneficially affected by calorie-equated exchange for fructose when compared to other carbohydrates?
a. Lean mass
b. Fatty liver
c. Hydration levels
d. Protein synthesis
b. Fatty liver
Compared to other carbohydrates, calorie-equated exchange for fructose affects which of the following?
a. Body weight
b. Glycemic control
c. Cholesterol levels
d. Blood lipids
b. Glycemic control
