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Nutrition > Nutrition - Hormonal Control > Flashcards

Nutrition - Hormonal Control Flashcards

1
Q

what is the absorptive state

A

the time during and right after eating a meal

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2
Q

how long does the absorptive state last

A

four to six hours

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3
Q

where does glucose go in the absorptive state

A

storage of energy
intestine
adipose tissue
liver glycogen
muscle glycogen

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4
Q

what is the upper limit of glycogen in the body

A

around 1050 g

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5
Q

what is the fate of glucose in the post prandial state (this is the same as the absorptive state)

A

contribution to energy metabolism
goes to brain, muscle for ATP production and the liver

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6
Q

what is the post absorptive state

A

period when the gastrointestinal tract is empty and energy comes from the breakdown of our body’s reserves

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7
Q

when does glucose release from the liver increase

A

during the post absorptive state

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8
Q

what is the role of increased lipolysis in sparing glucose

A

freefatty acids are oxidised to cover energy demands of muscles and other tissues
free fatty acids are used for the synthesis of ketone bodies and glycerol

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9
Q

what are FFA

A

free fatty acids

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10
Q

describe metabolism in the post absorptive state

A

directed to blood glucose levels
first available store of glucose is in the livers store of glycogen

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11
Q

describe gluconeogenesis

A

activated in the liver and glucose is synthesised from lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and amino acids

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12
Q

describe the metabolic and hormonal responses in the post absorptive state

A

decreased blood glucose
decreased blood triglycerides
increased blood free fatty acids
increased blood beta hydroxybutyrate

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13
Q

what directs all of the events that occur in the post absorptive state

A

insulin

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14
Q

describe what insulin does in the absorptive state

A

glucose uptake by muscle
suppression of FFA release from adipose tissue
FFA release from chylomicrons
liver and muscle glycogen synthesis
protein synthesis

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15
Q

what are the effects of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism

A

stimulate glucose uptake by cells
stimulate glycolyses
stimulate glycogen synthesis
inhibit glycogen catabolism

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16
Q

what catalyses fat mobilisation

A

hormone sensitive lipase

17
Q

what deactivates hormone sensitive lipase

A

dephosphorylation in response to high concentrations of insulin

18
Q

summarise the link between insulin and protein synthesis

A

general anabolic role
marked loss of protein from the body if there is insulin deficiency
growth hormone can also stimulate protein synthesis and act through insulin like growth factors

19
Q

what are the roles of insulin in protein synthesis

A

increased uptake of amino acids
increased activity of protein synthesis enzymes
reduced activity of protein catabolic enzymes

20
Q

what stimulates insulin release

A

increased blood glucose
increased amino acid levels in the plasma
neural stimulation of the pancreas
gut hormones

21
Q

what decreases insulin release

A

reduction in blood glucose
sympathetic neural stimulation

22
Q

describe the role of glucagon in the regulation of metabolim during post absorptive state

A

released by alpha cells of islets of langerhans
increased glycogen breakdown in the liver
increased lipolysis
increased gluconeogenesis in the liver
increased keton body synthesis

23
Q

what characterises the metabolic response to starvation

A

a switch from carbohydrate metabolism to fat metabolism
liver and muscle glycogen stores are depleted
ketogenesis takes over and much of the body’s metabolic needs are met by ketone bodies and free fatty acids

24
Q

what can severe negative energy balances lead to

A

decline in metabolism
decreased bone mass
reduction in thyroid hormone
reduction in testosterone levels
inability to concentrate
reduction in physical performance

25
Q

what are the consequences of positive energy imbalances

A

plaque build up in arteries
blood pressure increases
LDL cholesterol and TAG increases
insulin resistance develops which leads to development of type 2 diabetes
risk for certain cancers increases

26
Q

what do white adipocytes secrete

A

cytokines
growth factors
regulators of lipid metabolism
hormones
acute inflammatin proteins
complement factors
chemokine
regulators of glucose metabolism

27
Q

what is activated during stress in relation to energy balance

A

hypothalmic pituitary adrenal axis, which regulates many body processes, including energy storage and expenditure

28
Q

describe the role of cortisol in control of nutrient metabolism during stress

A
  • regain glucose homeostasis, increase blood glucose through gluconeogenesis
  • plays an important role in glycogenesis in the liver and muscle tissue by facilitation of the activation of glycogen phosphorylase
  • redistributes glucose to areas of the body that need it the most and away from the digestive and reproductive organs
29
Q

what is the role of adrenaline and noradrenaline in control of nutrient metabolism during stress

A
  • provide an increase in fatty acids required for energy production
  • by triggering an intracellular secondary messenger cascade that phosphorylates hormone sensitive lipase to break down TAG of adipose and muscle tissue into glycerol and free fatty acids
  • also increases glucose
30
Q

how does adrenalin increase glucose required for energy production during stress

A

inhibit insulin secretion by the pancreas
trigger glucagon secretion in the pancreas
stimulate glycogenolysis in the liver and the muscle
stimulate glycolysis in the muscle

31
Q

describe the role of growth hormone in control of nutrient metabolism during stress

A

promote lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation
reduce liver uptake of glucose and help to maintain plasma glucose concentration
promote gluconeogenesis in the liver

32
Q

describe the hormonal responses to surgery

A

anterior pituitary ACTH increases
growth hormone increases
adrenal cortex cortisol increases
aldosterone increases
insulin decreases
glucagon usuallly small increases
thyroid thyroxine decreases

33
Q

what is the overall metabolic effect of hormonal changes during surgery

A

increased catabolism which mobilises substrates to provide energy sources and a mechanism to retain salt and water and maintain fluid volume and cardiovascular homeostasis

34
Q

what is the hormonal response to intravenous sedation

A

plasma growth hormone and prolactin increase
changes in cardiovascular like increased heart rate to indicate a stress response

35
Q

does local analgesia lead to more or less of a stress response than general anaesthesia for oral surgery

A

less patient stress association

Nutrition (4 decks)

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