NUTRITION & GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT Flashcards by Raquel Hatulan

What are the abdominopelvic regions?

Right hypochondriac region
Epigastric region
Left hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region
Umbilical region
Left lumbar region
Right iliac region
Hypogastric region
Left iliac region

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What are the abdominopelvic quadrants?

Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant

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Two Parts of Digestive System

1) GI Tract/Alimentary Canal (mouth to anus; 23-26 ft long)
2) Accessory Organs (outside of or to side of the GI tract, but are connected - teeth, salivary glands, biliary system: liver, gallbladder, panceas)

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5 Major Processes of the Digestive System

1) Ingestion/Eating
2) Mechanical & Chemical Digestion
3) Peristalsis
4) Absorption
5) Defecation

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Refers to a host of upper abdominal or epigastric symptoms such as pain, discomfort, fullness, bloating, early satiety, belching, heartburn, or regurgitation

Dyspepsia

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What are friction rubs?

High pitched and can be heard over the LIVER and SPLEEN during respiration

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It is heard as a loud prolonged gurgle

Borborygmi

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During assessment, this is the sound that results from the presence of air in the stomach and small intestines

Tympani

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During assessment, this heard over organs and solid masses

Dulless

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This action is appropriate for identifying areas of tenderness or muscular resistance

Light palpation

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This is used to identify masses

Deep palpation

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Diagnostic Tests for GI Tract

Serum Lab: CBC, PTT/PT, Triglycerides, LFT, Amylase, lipase etc.

Stool Tests: Stool exam, quantitative study, Fecal Occult Blood testing, Fecal Immunologic test (FIT), Stool DNA testing

Breath Tests: Hydrogen Breath test, Urea Breath test (Helicobacter pylori)

Abdominal Ultrasonography : Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS)

Genetic Testing

Imaging Studies:
x-ray and contrast studies
computed tomography (CT) scan
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
scintigraphy (radionuclide imaging)
virtual colonoscopy

Endoscopic Procedures
Manometry and Electrophysiologic Studies
Gastric Analysis, Gastric Acid Stimulation Test, and pH Monitoring

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How many hours should the patient fast before ultrasound testing?

8-12 hours

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What should a patient eat the evening before the test?

Fat-free meal

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When must a barium studies be scheduled?

After ultrasonography

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What should be done before the upper gastrointestinal tract study?

clear liquid diet, with nothing by mouth (NPO) from midnight the
night before the study

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What are considered the most effective bowel cleansing preparatory agent?

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based solutions

How is the visualization of the lower GI tract obtained?

After rectal installation of barium

Is a nonsurgical approach to evaluate the colon.

Virtual Colonoscopy

It yields information about the
secretory activity of the gastric mucosa and the presence or
degree of gastric retention in patients thought to have
pyloric or duodenal obstruction.

Analysis of the gastric juice

What are the classifications of nutrients?

Energy nutrients
Organic nutrients
Inorganic nutrients

They release energy for maintenance of homeostasis. These are CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS AND FATS.

Energy Nutrients

They build and maintain body tissues and regulate body process. Examples are CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, PROTEIN AND VITAMINS.

Organic Nutrients

They provide a medium for chemical reactions, transport materials, maintain body tempt., promote bone formation and conduct nerve impulses.

Inorganic Nutrients

The six categories of nutrients

Water Vitamins Minerals Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids (fats)

the most abundant nutrient in the body 70% in adults, 77% in infant's weight.

Water

These are organic compounds that regulate cellular metabolism, assisting the biochemical processes.

Vitamins

(simple sugar) includes glucose, galactose and fructose.

Monosaccharides

(double sugar) includes sucrose, lactose and maltose.

Disaccharides

(complex sugars) includes glycogen, cellulose and starch.

Polysaccharides

have quantities of 100mg or greater eg calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium.

Macrominerals

nutrients have trace elements with quantities less than 100mg eg fluoride, iodine, iron, zinc which play an essential role in metabolism.

Microminerals

They are important for every bodily function beginning with the genetic control of protein synthesis, cell function and cell reproduction.

Protein

These are organic compounds insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such ether and alcohol. They are classified as saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

Lipids

it has reduced fiber and cellulose. Prescribed to decrease GI mucosa irritation in patients with ulcerations. Foods to be avoided are raw fruits except banana, vegetables, seeds, plant fibers and whole grains

Low Residue Diet

The opposite of low residue diet. It increases the forward motion of the indigestible wastes through the colon

High Fiber Diet

It eliminates chemical and mechanical food irritants such as fried foods, alcohol and caffeine. Other types of diets are sodium restricted diet and fat controlled diet.

Bland Diet

A soft diet promotes the mechanical digestion of foods. It is prescribed for clients experiencing difficulties in chewing and swallowing as well as post operative patients.

Soft Diet

The patient is allowed to ingest only liquids that keep the GIT empty(no residues), such as water and apple juice.

Clear Liquid Diet

The patient is allowed to ingest only liquids that keep the GIT empty(no residues), such as water and apple juice.

Clear Liquid Diet

prescribed mainly for post operative patients because of calorie and nutrient consideration.

Liquid Diet