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Nutrition > Nutrition Final > Flashcards

Nutrition Final Flashcards

0
Q

Which of the following is not true of fat-soluble vitamins?
A. Excess is slowly excreted via the urine
B. Includes vitamins E and D
C. Can be stored in the body for only a short period of time
D. Does not need to be consumed as frequent as water-soluble vitamins

A

C. Can be stored in the body for only a short period of time

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1
Q 
Vitamin C is best known for its role in building which of the following?
A. Bone
B. Albumin
C. Connective tissue/collagen
D. Cardiac tissue
E. Red blood cells
A

C. Connective tissue/collagen

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2
Q 
Which of the following nutrients yields the most energy during its metabolism?
A. Fat
B. Protein
C. Vitamins 
D. Carbohydrates
A

A. Fat

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3
Q

Which of the following is not true of alcohol?
A. Is an anti-nutrient
B. Can cause a congenital defects in newborns
C. Is a simple carbohydrate
D. Does not have the ability to contribute to weight gain

A

D. Does not have the ability to contribute to weight gain

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4
Q 
Which mineral is found at the center of chlorophyll molecules?
A. Calcium
B. Magnesium
C. Manganese
D. Molybdenum 
E. Iron
A

B. Magnesium

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5
Q 
Which of the following is highest in folate?
A. Meats
B. Starches
C. Dairy products
D. Green, leafy vegetables
A

D. Green, leafy vegetables

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6
Q 
What vitamin deficiency disease appeared in people who had subsisted on a diet high in corn and molasses and low in protein?
A. Scurvy 
B. Pellagra
C. Wet Beriberi
D. Pernicious Anemia
A

B. Pellagra

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7
Q 
In what chief capacity does vitamin K function?
A. Blood clotting 
B. Energy metabolism
C. Calcium utilization
D. Epithelial tissue renewal
E. Red blood cell construction
A

A. Blood clotting

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8
Q 
What is the most important function of B vitamins?
A. Antioxidation 
B. Anticoagulation
C. Anti-body stabilization
D. Coenzyme participation
A

A. Antioxidation

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9
Q 
Which of the following is a significant property of most dietary fiber?
A. Inhibits protease activity
B. Promotes water retention in stool
C. Inhibits large intestine contractions
D. Promotes vitamin excretion in stool
A

B. Promotes water retention in stool

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10
Q

Which of the following conditions did Denis Burkett find associated with low dietary fiber intake?

  1. Diverticulitis
  2. Hiatal hernia
  3. Varicose veins
  4. Constipation
  5. Bowel cancer
  6. Coronary heart disease
  7. Multiple sclerosis
  8. Cataracts
  9. Cerebral palsy
  10. Appendicitis

A. All of the above
B. 2,5,6,7,8,9,11
C. 1,2,3,4,9
D. 1,2,3,4,5,6,9,11

A

A. All of the above

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11
Q 
What type of nutrient is starch?
A. Fiber
B. Protein
C. Simple carbohydrate
D. Complex carbohydrates
A

D. Complex carbohydrates

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12
Q

Which of the following are true of osteoporosis?

  1. Can be detected on standard x-rays after about a 1% loss of bone density has occurred
  2. Is generally symptomatic prior to a compression fracture occurring
  3. Can be avoided in virtually all cases by a lifetime of adequate calcium ingestion
  4. Is more common in women than in men
  5. Is more likely to occur in black women than in Asian women
  6. People who exercise heavily particularly those who exercise very vigorously three or more hours every day are far less likely to develop osteoporosis than those who exercise more modestly
  7. Problems with the thyroid and parathyroid gland can contribute to osteoporosis

A. 4,7
B. 1,2,4,6
C. 4,5,7
D. 4,6,7

A

C. 4,5,7

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13
Q

Which of the following are traits less often seen in patients who have eating disorders as discussed in class?

  1. Female
  2. Male
  3. Perfectionist
  4. Lower intelligence

A. 1,3
B. 2,3
C. 2,4
D. 3,4

A

C. 2,4

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14
Q

Why are vegans generally at a greater risk of developing a vitamin B12 deficiency?
A. Vegan diets inhibit absorption of the vitamin
B. Vegan diets generally provide an insufficient amount of the
C. The fiber content of vegan diets cause decreased storage by the liver
D. The fiber content of vegan diets cause increased excretion of the vitamin

A

D. The fiber content of vegan diets cause increased excretion of the vitamin

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15
Q

Which of the following is the best definition of the RDA (recommended dietary allowance)?
A. Highest average daily nutrient intake level that does not produce adverse side effects
B. The recommended average daily intake level based upon observed or experimentally determined approximation for a group of people assumed to be healthy
C. The average daily nutrient intake levels estimated on deficiency data to meet the needs of 50% of the individuals particular lifestage and gender group and takes into account variable health factors
D. The average daily nutrient intake estimated on deficiency data to meet the needs of over 90% of healthy individuals in a particular stage and gender group

A

D. The average daily nutrient intake estimated on deficiency data to meet the needs of over 90% of healthy individuals in a particular stage and gender group

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16
Q

Which of the following are true regarding cows milk?

  1. Is intended for ingestion by calves not by human beings
  2. Is a rich source of calcium
  3. In the United States it’s likely to be source of antibiotics and hormones
  4. A sensitivity to the lactose portion of cows milk is considered normal among adults
  5. Dairy cows give birth to calves which are generally then taken away from their mother shortly after birth, put in stalls so small they cannot turn around, and then slaughtered after a miserable life for “veal”

A. 1,3,5
B. 2,3,4
C. 2 only
D. 1,2,3,4,5

A

D. 1,2,3,4,5

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17
Q 
A person who has a physiological need to eat is experiencing...
A. Hunger
B. Appetite 
C. Stress eating
D. Neuropeptide Y suppression
A

A. Hunger

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18
Q

Of the following, which would most readily induce a vitamin K deficiency?
A. Achlorhydia (low production of gastric acid)
B. Antibiotic therapy
C. Presence of oxalic acid in food
D. Insufficient intake of green vegetable

A

B. Antibiotic therapy

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19
Q 
What is the primary function of insulin?
A. Raises blood glucose levels
B. Lowers blood glucose levels
C. Stimulates glycogen breakdown
D. Stimulates intestinal carbohydrate absorption
A

B. Lowers blood glucose levels

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20
Q 
When the blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate the release of stored glucose?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Epinephrine
D. Cholecystokinin
A

B. Glucagon

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21
Q 
When you are under physical stress, what hormone is released quickly to stimulate an increase in blood glucose concentration?
A. Insulin
B. Secretin 
C. Glucagon
D. Epinephrine
A

C. Glucagon

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22
Q

Your 10 year old nephew, Jimmy, has been giving himself a shot in the thigh every day for three years. He tells you that he wants candy but was told by his parents that he must eat only natural, unprocessed foods low in sugar content. From which of the following conditions does Jimmy most likely suffer from?
A. Hyperactivity
B. Type 1 diabetes
C. Type 2 diabetes
D. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

A

B. Type 1 diabetes

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23
Q

True or false? The most important function known for selenium is antioxidant activity, where it works with vitamin E and is a component of glutathione peroxidase.

A

True

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24
Q 
In animals, the role of vitamin E has been reported to be the...
A. Anti-aging factor
B. Anti-cancer factor
C. Anti-sterility factor
D. Pro-intelligence factor
A

C. Anti-sterility factor

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25
Q

Which of the following artificial sweeteners was recommended for use in class lecture?
A. Neotame
B. Sucralose
C. Saccharine
D. It was advised that all artificial sweeteners should be avoided
E. Aspartame was the only sweetener recommended

A

D. It was advised that all artificial sweeteners should be avoided

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26
Q 
A child with bowed legs is likely deficient in what vitamin?
A. A
B. K
C. E
D. D
A

D. D (rickets)

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27
Q 
Terms used to classify amino acids in the diet include all of the following except...
A. Essential
B. Nonessential
C. Partially essential
D. Conditionally essential
A

C. Partially essential

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28
Q

Which of the following is a feature of osteoporosis?
A. It is most common in men over 45 years of age
B. It has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels
C. It results from short-term deprivation of dietary calcium
D. It causes significant alterations in the blood levels of parathormone and calcitonin

A

B. It has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels

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29
Q 
Which of the following minerals is least likely to be deficient in the US diet?
A. Iron
B. Calcium
C. Chromium 
D. Phosphorus
A

D. Phosphorus

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30
Q 
Which of the following minerals is most commonly ingested in dangerous amounts?
A. Calcium
B. Iron
C. Iodine
D. Potassium
E. Magnesium
A

C. Iodine

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31
Q 
Vitamin A does not appear to play an important role in which of the following processes?
A. Blood clotting
B. Resistance against infection
C. Synthesis of visual pigment
D. Maintaining mucous membranes
A

A. Blood clotting

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32
Q

Your patient has high levels of bound transferrin and low levels of unbound transferrin. What would you be safe in assuming?
A. That iron reserves in the body are low or gone
B. That iron reserves in the body are good to excellent
C. That the patient has been taking in too much iron in the diet
D. That anemia is present

A

B. That iron reserves in the body are good to excellent

33
Q 
The mineral in the body that has the greatest involvement in energy production is...
A. Calcium
B. Phosphorus
C. Zinc
D. Sulfur
A

B. Phosphorus

34
Q

Minerals are involved in which of the following?

  1. Anabolic activities
  2. Catabolic activities
  3. Influencing the acid/base balance of the body
  4. Influencing glandular activities
A. 1,3
B. 3,4
C. 1,2,4
D. 1,3,4
E. All of the above
A

E. All of the above

35
Q 
Which of the following is an acid forming element?
A. Sodium
B. Phosphorus
C. Calcium
D. Potassium
A

B. Phosphorus

36
Q 
Which of the following minerals plays a major role in blood clotting?
A. Magnesium
B. Calcium
C. Iron
D. Phosphorus
A

C. Iron

37
Q 
Which of the following is secreted to lower calcium in the blood and put more calcium in the bone?
A. Parathyroid hormone
B. Epinephrine
C. Insulin
D. Calcitonin
A

D. Calcitonin

38
Q 
Which of the following proteins is often considered as the standard against which other proteins are compared regarding its essential amino acid content for the human body?
A. Corn
B. Rice
C. Egg white
D. Gelatin
A

D. Gelatin

39
Q

If the diet is lacking in an essential amino acid, what would be a result?
A. Body cells will synthesize it
B. Protein synthesis will be limited
C. Health will not be affected if other nutrients are adequate
D. Proteins will be made but they will lack that amino acid

A

B. Protein synthesis will be limited

40
Q

Alberta is a 20-year-old who has been a vegetarian for three years. She is feeling well but comes to you for advice after reading materials by the Beef Industry that contained that “…vegetarians are at risk for protein deficiency because they cannot consume all of the essential amino acids necessary for health.” How should Alberta be advised?
A. She should consume dairy and egg product at every meal to protect herself against protein deficiency
B. She should avoid the “limiting” amino acids because they are limiting her ability to maintain proper protein status
C. Because the statement is true, she should consider eating meat every day in order to avoid protein deficiency
D. She should consume a variety of complementary vegetable proteins which will provide all the essential amino acids she needs without ever having to consume animal flesh

A

D. She should consume a variety of complementary vegetable proteins which will provide all the essential amino acids she needs without ever having to consume animal flesh

41
Q

True or false? After birth, newborn calves are born to dairy cows and are caged in individual stalls where they are unable to turn around or even take a step. They remain there for four months and are unable to even lie down in a natural sleeping position. As they grow, they become virtually wedged into their stalls. They are unable to play or mingle with other calves, and are kept in chains in stalls only 22 inches wide. They are kept in this manner, never leaving until slaughtered for their flesh i.e. “veal.” This is an example of how the choice of foods that we consume have repercussions that many people are not aware of.

A

True

42
Q 
You're reading a case study from a researcher at World University. The researcher has traveled to the largest city in India and is reporting on an illness present in a 15-month-old boy. The researcher describe the child as extremely thin and bony, with wrinkled skin, and enlarged fatty liver, and who for the past year, has subsisted almost entirely on diluted cereal drink. Your first thought is that all of these observations are characteristics of marasmus except...
A. Wrinkled skin
B. Food intake pattern
C. Enlarged fatty liver
D. Extremely thin bony appearance
A

C. Enlarged fatty liver

43
Q 
The major cause of insulin resistance is related to...
A. Low-protein diets
B. High-protein diets
C. Excessive body weight
D. Prolonged carbohydrate intake
A

D. Prolonged carbohydrate intake

44
Q

What percent of the cattle are given hormones in the larger feedlots in the United States?
A. Close to 100%
B. 70%
C. 50%
D. This practice is illegal and strictly controlled

A

A. Close to 100%

45
Q

What would a healthy plant-based diet look like according to the Food Revolution?
A. It would include an abundance of fresh vegetables and fruit
B. It would be low in refined and processed foods and sugars
C. When possible, it would feature locally and organically grown foods
D. It would not include MSG, artificial preservatives, colors or other chemical additives
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

46
Q

Which of the following is the primary function of chromium?
A. Participates in wound healing
B. Helps maintain gastric acidity
C. Acts as principal intracellular electrolytes
D. Serves as the glucose tolerance factor (GTF) whereby it helps maintain normal blood glucose levels in conjunction with insulin

A

D. Serves as the glucose tolerance factor (GTF) whereby it helps maintain normal blood glucose levels in conjunction with insulin

47
Q

Carbs are termed “proteins spares” because the presence of an adequate amount…
A. Prevents the use of protein for energy
B. Conserves essential fatty acids
C. Prevents protein from being converted to fat
D. Prevents protein from being consumed in too large of quantity

A

A. Prevents the use of protein for energy

48
Q 
When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, excess amino acids are metabolized and...
A. Stored as fat
B. Turned into mineral
C. Stored as amino acids
D. Stored as glycogen
A

A. Stored as fat

49
Q

The principal action of vitamin D is to…
A. Increase the strength of intestinal mucosa
B. Allows for the formation of rhodopsin
C. Allows for proper function of the kreb cycle
D. To aid in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus

A

D. To aid in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus

50
Q

An amino acid is classified as essential if…
A. The carbon skeleton can be synthesized in the cell
B. It occurs as part of the protein of rarely consumed foods
C. It is used for protein synthesis in our body and cannot be produced in sufficient amounts by the body, therefore requiring it’s consumption in the diet
D. The patient is in need of that particular amino acid

A

C. It is used for protein synthesis in our body and cannot be produced in sufficient amounts by the body, therefore requiring it’s consumption in the diet

51
Q

Proteins act as buffers because of their ability to…
A. React with excess acid or alkali
B. Detoxify poisonous materials from the body
C. Denature amino acids
D. Attack antigens
E. Attract water

A

A. React with excess acid or alkali

52
Q 
Tryptophan is a precursor of...
A. Riboflavin
B. Thiamin
C. Niacin
D. Folacin 
E. Cobalamin (vit B12)
A

C. Niacin

53
Q 
Which gut factor is necessary for absorption of vitamin B12?
A. Lipase
B. Bile
C. Stomach mucous
D. Stomach protease
E. Intrinsic factor of Castle
A

E. Intrinsic factor of Castle

54
Q 
The deficiency of folacin (folic acid) produces symptoms of which are identical to some earlier symptoms of...
A. Riboflavin deficiency
B. Thiamine deficiency
C. Scurvy
D. Cobalamin (vit B12) deficiency
E. Rickets
A

D. Cobalamin (vit B12) deficiency

55
Q

Which vitamins are most likely to be poorly absorbed if there is a problem with fat digestion?
A. Folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and ascorbic acid
B. Vitamin A, D, E, and K
C. Pantothenic acid and vitamin B6
D. Biotin, niacin, and riboflavin

A

B. Vitamin A, D, E, and K

56
Q 
Hemolytic anemia of newborns is most often due to deficiency of...
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin D
C. Vitamin E
D. Vitamin K
E. Folacin
A

C. Vitamin E

57
Q

Choose a food group from the list below that is the best source of the precursor to vitamin A.
A. Vegetable oils, margarine, and mayonnaise
B. Sweet potato, cantaloupe, and pumpkin
C. Pasteurized, fortified milk
D. Broccoli, strawberries, and cabbage
E. Bananas, avocado, and apples

A

B. Sweet potato, cantaloupe, and pumpkin

Precursor to vitamin A is beta-carotene

58
Q 
Dietary antioxidants include...
A. Vitamin E and iron
B. Lipids
C. Vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus
D. Vitamin E, beta-carotene, and selenium
E. Beta-carotene and iodine
A

D. Vitamin E, beta-carotene, and selenium

59
Q 
Green leafy plants are not only high in vitamins and minerals, they also reduce the incidence of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ due to their containing high amounts of folic acid that helps control the homocysteine levels.
A. Cancer
B. Heart disease
C. Kidney disease
D. Diabetes
E. AIDS
A

B. Heart disease

60
Q 
What specific factor leads to the heavy prevalence of anemia in the south east for many years?
A. Eating clay
B. Hookworms
C. Tapeworms
D. Moon pies (lol)
A

B. Hookworms

61
Q 
Which of the following enhances calcium absorption?
A. Increased dietary fiber
B. Low protein intake
C. An acidic environment in the stomach
D. Lack of exercise
A

C. An acidic environment in the stomach

62
Q 
This mineral plays a central role in energy capture and utilization in the body and is acidic in solution.
A. Calcium
B. Sodium
C. Chloride
D. Potassium
E. Phosphorus
A

E. Phosphorus

63
Q 
The main dietary reason, as per your instructor, for osteoporosis in the U.S. is due to...
A. Insufficient dietary calcium
B. Excessive dietary phosphorus
C. Not enough dairy consumption
D. Insufficient dietary iron
A

B. Excessive dietary phosphorus

64
Q

In the most comprehensive large study ever conducted on the relationship between diet and disease risk,Collin Campbell found (pg.94 Food Revolution)…
A. Very little association between the consumption of animal-based foods and an increase in cancer and heart disease
B. Found a highly significant association between the consumption of animal-based foods and an increase in cancer and heart disease
C. Found that eating meat actually had a protective effect against cancer and heart disease
D. A and C

A

B. Found a highly significant association between the consumption of animal-based foods and an increase in cancer and heart disease

65
Q

Roger Williams’ work suggests (pg.99 CNFA)…
A. That a wide range of variation exists among individuals and that these variations interact in unique ways to determine who we are biochemically
B. That vitamin deficiencies are responsible for most diseases
C. That we are all part of the same genetic pool and that there is little to no variation from person to person
D. That environmental exposures to toxic agents are, in large part, responsible for most of the diseases we see today

A

A. That a wide range of variation exists among individuals and that these variations interact in unique ways to determine who we are biochemically

66
Q 
This mineral is thought to function as part of digestive juices in the stomach.
A. Fluoride
B. Phosphorus
C. Sodium
D. Chloride
E. Potassium
A

D. Chloride

67
Q 
What is the first symptom of excessive fluoride in the diet?
A. Cavities
B. Brown mottling of the enamel of teeth
C. Pain in the long bones
D. Deposition of calcium in soft tissue
E. Abdominal bloating
A

B. Brown mottling of the enamel of teeth

68
Q 
Countries with higher fiber intakes generally have...
A. Lower incidence of colon cancer
B. Higher incidence of colon cancer
C. Lower incidence of AIDS
D. Higher incidence of heart disease
A

A. Lower incidence of colon cancer

69
Q 
Vitamin E protects cellular and sub-cellular membranes because it acts as a/an...
A. Barrier
B. Peroxide
C. Antioxidant
D. Hemolytic agent
E. Clotting factor
A

C. Antioxidant

70
Q 
In the face of increasing liability concern regarding foodborne illnesses, the meat industry has begun ( pg. 122 Food Revolution)...
A. Irradiating meat to kill bacteria
B. Genetically modifying meat products
C. Using chlorine baths to kill bacteria
D. B and C
E. All of the above
A

A. Irradiating meat to kill bacteria

71
Q 
What is the most likely deficiency to occur in a child who consumes a large amount of dairy products to the exclusion of other healthy foods?
A. Phosphorus deficiency
B. Sodium deficiency
C. Iron deficiency
D. Protein deficiency
A

C. Iron deficiency

72
Q 
The point at which the body gets locked into a certain weight below which it is very difficult to go under is referred to as...
A. Target range
B. Set point
C. Metabolic challenge position
D. Caloric survival mechanism
A

B. Set point

73
Q

True or False? Trace elements are less in quantity than macro-minerals, but they are more important metabolically.

A

False

74
Q 
Which of the following effect nutrient needs?
A. Digestive efficiency
B. Genetics
C. Food tolerance
D. B and C
E. All of the above
A

E. All of the above

75
Q 
Approximately what percentage of total body calcium is in the bloodstream?
A. 1-2%
B. 3-5%
C. 5-10%
D. 20-30%
E. 99%
A

A. 1-2%

76
Q

True or False? The body puts priority on the calcium in the bone over that in the blood.

A

False

77
Q 
One good step to avoid osteoporosis is to get a better balance of calcium relative to...
A. Potassium
B. Sodium
C. Phosphorus
D. Iron
A

C. Phosphorus

78
Q 
Calcitonin is produced by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ gland and helps to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ calcium levels in the bone.
A. Parathyroid/lower
B. Thyroid/raise
C. Liver/raise
D. Parathyroid/raise
A

B. Thyroid/raise

79
Q

According to Food Revolution pages 97 and 98, scientific evidence suggests that increased milk intake…
A. Reduces risk of high blood pressure
B. Reduces the risk of osteoporosis in African-Americans
C. Increases risk of hip fracture in women that drink 2+ glasses of milk per day
D. A and B
E. None of the above

A

C. Increases risk of hip fracture in women that drink 2+ glasses of milk per day

80
Q

Which of the following functions has a specific requirement for thiamine?
A. Blood coagulation
B. Formation of red blood cells
C. Energy released from energy-yielding nutrients
D. Formation of epithelial cell mucopolysaccharides

A

C. Energy released from energy-yielding nutrients

81
Q

Minerals play a role in all of the following except (pg. 152 CNFA)…
A. Act as coenzymes
B. Nerve impulses
C. Initiate muscle contractions
D. Initiate and facilitate biochemical reactions
E. All of these play a role

A

E. All of these play a role

Nutrition (1 decks)

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