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Nutrition Exam 2 Study cards Flashcards

Study guide

1
Q

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

A

B vitamins and Vitamin C

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2
Q

How are water-soluble vitamins stored in the body?

A

They are not stored extensively and excess amounts are excreted in urine

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3
Q

What is the primary function of water-soluble vitamins?

A

They function primarily as coenzymes in energy metabolism and other biochemical processes

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4
Q

Define bioavailability.

A

The rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used

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5
Q

List factors affecting bioavailability.

A
  • Digestive efficiency
  • Previous nutrient intake
  • Food preparation (cooking, processing)
  • Presence of synthetic or fortified forms
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6
Q

What is the function of Thiamin (Vitamin B1)?

A

Part of the coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), which assists in energy metabolism

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7
Q

What deficiency is associated with Thiamin (Vitamin B1)?

A

Beriberi

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8
Q

What are common food sources of Thiamin (Vitamin B1)?

A
  • Whole grains
  • Pork
  • Legumes
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9
Q

What is the role of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)?

A

Acts as a coenzyme in energy metabolism

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10
Q

What are the forms of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)?

A
  • Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
  • Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
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11
Q

What deficiency is associated with Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)?

A

Inflammation of membranes (lips, mouth, tongue)

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12
Q

What are food sources of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)?

A
  • Milk
  • Eggs
  • Fortified cereals
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13
Q

What is the function of Niacin (Vitamin B3)?

A

Coenzyme forms NAD and NADP assist in hydrogen and electron transfer during metabolism

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14
Q

What deficiency is associated with Niacin (Vitamin B3)?

A

Pellagra

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of Pellagra?

A
  • Dermatitis
  • Diarrhea
  • Dementia
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16
Q

What are food sources of Niacin (Vitamin B3)?

A
  • Chicken
  • Tuna
  • Liver
  • Fortified grains
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17
Q

What is a toxicity symptom of Niacin (Vitamin B3)?

A

Niacin flush (redness, warmth, tingling of skin)

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18
Q

What is the function of Biotin?

A

Coenzyme involved in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and TCA cycle

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19
Q

What deficiency symptoms are associated with Biotin?

A

Hair loss, skin rash, and neurological symptoms

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20
Q

What are food sources of Biotin?

A
  • Eggs
  • Whole grains
  • Liver
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21
Q

What is the function of Pantothenic Acid?

A

Part of coenzyme A, important in energy metabolism and synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, and hemoglobin

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22
Q

What are symptoms of Pantothenic Acid deficiency?

A

Fatigue, digestive distress, and neurological disturbances

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23
Q

What are food sources of Pantothenic Acid?

A

Found widely in food but destroyed by freezing, canning, refining

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24
Q

What is the role of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)?

A

Involved in amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and hemoglobin production

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25
What deficiency symptoms are associated with Vitamin B6?
Depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave patterns
26
What toxicity symptom is associated with high doses of Vitamin B6?
Irreversible nerve damage
27
What are food sources of Vitamin B6?
* Bananas * Poultry * Fish * Fortified cereals
28
What is the function of Folate (Vitamin B9)?
Coenzyme tetrahydrofolate (THF) involved in DNA synthesis and amino acid metabolism
29
What deficiency is associated with Folate?
Megaloblastic anemia
30
What are food sources of Folate?
* Leafy greens * Legumes * Fortified grains
31
What deficiency in Folate can lead to neural tube defects?
Inadequate intake during pregnancy
32
What is the function of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)?
Works closely with folate in DNA synthesis and nerve cell maintenance
33
What is required for the absorption of Vitamin B12?
Intrinsic factor
34
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin B12?
* Pernicious anemia * Neurological symptoms (memory loss, fatigue, difficulty walking)
35
What are food sources of Vitamin B12?
* Meat * Eggs * Dairy
36
What is the function of Choline?
Important for acetylcholine synthesis and lecithin production
37
What deficiency symptom is associated with Choline?
Potential liver damage
38
What are food sources of Choline?
* Eggs * Liver * Peanuts
39
What are the functions of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)?
* Antioxidant * Cofactor in Collagen Synthesis * Enhances iron absorption
40
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin C?
Scurvy
41
What are symptoms of Scurvy?
* Bleeding gums * Slow wound healing * Muscle degeneration and fatigue
42
What are food sources of Vitamin C?
* Oranges * Strawberries * Bell peppers * Broccoli
43
What is a key characteristic of water-soluble vitamins?
They require regular intake due to not being stored extensively
44
What is a mnemonic to remember B vitamins?
The Really Nice Panda Prefers Big Fancy Clothes
45
What are fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
46
How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?
They require fat for absorption
47
What is the primary function of Vitamin A?
Maintains vision
48
What are the forms of Vitamin A?
* Retinol * Retinal * Retinoic acid * Beta-carotene
49
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin A?
Night blindness and total blindness (Xerophthalmia)
50
What are food sources of Vitamin A?
* Liver * Dairy * Eggs * Carrots * Sweet potatoes * Leafy greens
51
What is the function of Vitamin D?
Enhances calcium and phosphorus absorption for strong bones and teeth
52
What are the forms of Vitamin D?
* Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) * Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)
53
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin D in children?
Rickets
54
What are food sources of Vitamin D?
* Sunlight exposure * Fortified foods * Fatty fish * Egg yolks * Liver
55
What is the function of Vitamin E?
Antioxidant protection
56
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin E?
Erythrocyte hemolysis
57
What are food sources of Vitamin E?
* Nuts * Seeds * Vegetable oils * Leafy greens
58
What is the function of Vitamin K?
Activates prothrombin for blood clotting
59
What are the forms of Vitamin K?
* Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) * Menaquinone (Vitamin K2) * Menadione (Synthetic Vitamin K3)
60
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin K?
Excessive bleeding and slow wound healing
61
What are food sources of Vitamin K?
* Leafy greens * Fermented foods
62
What is the role of sodium in the body?
Regulates fluid balance and blood pressure
63
What deficiency is associated with sodium?
Hyponatremia
64
What are food sources of sodium?
* Processed foods * Table salt * Canned goods
65
What is the role of potassium in the body?
Regulates heartbeat and muscle contractions
66
What deficiency is associated with potassium?
Hypokalemia
67
What are food sources of potassium?
* Bananas * Potatoes * Leafy greens * Beans
68
What is the role of chloride in the body?
Maintains fluid balance and electrolyte homeostasis
69
What are food sources of chloride?
* Table salt (NaCl) * Processed foods
70
What is the role of calcium in the body?
Regulates muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and blood clotting
71
What deficiency is associated with calcium?
Osteoporosis
72
What is the primary function of Sodium (Na⁺)?
Regulates fluid balance and muscle contraction ## Footnote Sodium is crucial for maintaining blood pressure and hydration.
73
What are the sources of Sodium?
Table salt (NaCl), processed foods ## Footnote Sodium is often added to foods for flavor and preservation.
74
What are the functions of Calcium (Ca²⁺)?
Regulates muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and blood clotting ## Footnote Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body.
75
What is the consequence of Calcium deficiency?
Osteoporosis: weak, porous bones prone to fractures ## Footnote Postmenopausal women and older adults are particularly at risk.
76
What are the sources of Calcium?
Dairy products, fortified foods, leafy greens ## Footnote These foods are rich in calcium and help maintain bone health.
77
What is the primary function of Phosphorus (P⁻)?
Key component of bones, teeth, DNA, and ATP ## Footnote Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in the body.
78
What condition can arise from Phosphorus excess?
Bone weakening due to high phosphorus intake from soft drinks ## Footnote Soft drinks often lack calcium, which is essential for bone health.
79
What is a major function of Magnesium (Mg²⁺)?
Supports bone health and ATP production ## Footnote Magnesium is involved in over 300 biochemical reactions in the body.
80
What are the symptoms of Magnesium deficiency?
Muscle cramps, irregular heartbeat, weakness ## Footnote Deficiency can also increase the risk of hypertension and osteoporosis.
81
What is the role of Sulfate (SO₄²⁻) in the body?
Component of proteins, enzymes, and connective tissue ## Footnote Sulfate is vital for protein structure and function.
82
What is a key characteristic of trace minerals?
Required in microgram to milligram amounts ## Footnote Trace minerals include iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, manganese, fluoride, chromium, and molybdenum.
83
What are the two forms of Iron?
Heme iron and Nonheme iron ## Footnote Heme iron is absorbed better than nonheme iron.
84
What condition is associated with Iron deficiency?
Iron-deficiency anemia ## Footnote Symptoms include fatigue, pallor, and weakness.
85
What are the sources of Heme iron?
Red meat, poultry, fish ## Footnote These sources provide easily absorbed iron.
86
What is a known toxicity condition related to Iron?
Hemochromatosis: excess iron storage leading to organ damage ## Footnote This condition can result from genetic predisposition.
87
What are the functions of Zinc (Zn)?
Cofactor for over 300 enzymes, supports immune function ## Footnote Zinc is critical for wound healing and growth.
88
What deficiency symptoms are linked to Zinc?
Growth retardation, impaired immune response, loss of taste perception ## Footnote Zinc deficiency can severely affect development.
89
What is the primary function of Iodine (I)?
Component of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) ## Footnote Iodine is essential for regulating metabolism and development.
90
What deficiency condition is caused by Iodine deficiency?
Goiter: thyroid gland enlargement ## Footnote Severe deficiency can lead to cretinism in infants.
91
What is the role of Selenium (Se) in the body?
Antioxidant role and supports thyroid hormone metabolism ## Footnote Selenium is crucial for immune function.
92
What is a rare condition associated with Selenium deficiency?
Keshan disease: heart condition ## Footnote This disease is particularly noted in selenium-deficient regions.
93
What are the sources of Copper (Cu)?
Shellfish, nuts, seeds, whole grains ## Footnote Copper is important for iron metabolism and energy production.
94
What toxicity condition is associated with Copper?
Wilson’s disease: copper buildup in organs ## Footnote This genetic disorder can lead to serious health issues.
95
What is the function of Manganese (Mn)?
Cofactor for enzymes involved in metabolism and bone formation ## Footnote Manganese also supports antioxidant defense.
96
What are the sources of Fluoride (F)?
Fluoridated drinking water, tea, seafood, toothpaste ## Footnote Fluoride is essential for dental health.
97
What is a condition associated with Fluoride toxicity?
Fluorosis: discoloration and weakening of teeth ## Footnote This occurs from excessive fluoride exposure.
98
What are contaminant minerals that are toxic?
Lead, mercury, cadmium ## Footnote These minerals can cause serious health issues.
99
What health issues does lead exposure cause?
Cognitive impairment and developmental delays in children ## Footnote Lead is particularly harmful to young developing brains.
100
What is a memorization strategy for trace minerals?
Use acronyms like 'Zesty Fish Can Make Mighty Powerful Components' ## Footnote This helps recall the names and functions of trace minerals.
101
What is the role of Chromium (Cr)?
Enhances insulin function and supports glucose metabolism ## Footnote Chromium may help regulate blood sugar levels.
102
What is a rare condition associated with Molybdenum (Mo) deficiency?
Neurological symptoms ## Footnote Molybdenum is vital for enzyme function.

Nutrition Exam (1 decks)

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