nutrition exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is ethanol?
A
Ethanol is a type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.
2
Q
What are the effects of alcohol on the body?
A
Alcohol affects various bodily functions and can lead to health issues.
3
Q
What is a binge drinker?
A
A binge drinker is someone who consumes large quantities of alcohol in a short period.
4
Q
How many calories does alcohol have per gram?
A
Alcohol contains 7 calories per gram.
5
Q
What is fermentation?
A
Fermentation is the process by which yeast converts sugars into alcohol.
6
Q
What is distillation?
A
Distillation is a method to separate alcohol from a mixture by heating.
7
Q
What is digestion?
A
Digestion is the process of breaking down food into nutrients.
8
Q
What is absorption?
A
Absorption is the process of taking in nutrients from digested food.
9
Q
How does alcohol affect malnutrition?
A
Alcohol can lead to malnutrition by interfering with nutrient absorption.
10
Q
What are congeners?
A
Congeners are substances produced during fermentation that can affect the taste and effects of alcohol.
11
Q
How does alcohol affect women differently?
A
Women may experience different effects from alcohol due to body composition and hormonal differences.
12
Q
What is metabolism?
A
Metabolism is the process by which the body converts food into energy.
13
Q
What is fuel for work in metabolism?
A
Fuel for work refers to the energy derived from nutrients for physical activity.
14
Q
What is catabolism?
A
Catabolism is the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy.
15
Q
What is anabolism?
A
Anabolism is the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
16
Q
What organs are involved in metabolism?
A
Key organs for metabolism include the liver and mitochondria.
17
Q
What is the role of the liver in metabolism?
A
The liver processes nutrients and detoxifies harmful substances.
18
Q
What is mitochondria’s function?
A
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, generating ATP.
19
Q
What is ATP?
A
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the main energy currency of the cell.
20
Q
What is glycogen?
A
Glycogen is a stored form of glucose in the liver and muscles.
21
Q
What is glycolysis?
A
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate.
22
Q
What is gluconeogenesis?
A
Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
23
Q
What is lipolysis?
A
Lipolysis is the breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
24
Q
What is the citric acid cycle?
A
The citric acid cycle is a key metabolic pathway for energy production.
25
What is transamination?
Transamination is the process of transferring an amino group to form amino acids.
26
What is deamination?
Deamination is the removal of an amino group from an amino acid.
27
What is alcohol metabolism?
Alcohol metabolism refers to how the body processes and eliminates alcohol.
28
What is ketogenesis?
Ketogenesis is the production of ketone bodies from fatty acids.
29
What is the fasting state?
The fasting state occurs when the body has not received food for an extended period.
30
What is the starvation state?
The starvation state is a prolonged lack of food intake, leading to severe energy deficiency.
31
What are vitamins?
Vitamins are organic compounds essential for normal growth and nutrition.
32
What is the difference between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins?
Fat-soluble vitamins dissolve in fats, while water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water.
33
What is Vitamin A?
Vitamin A is essential for vision, immune function, and skin health.
34
What are the functions of Vitamin A?
Vitamin A supports vision, immune function, and cell growth.
35
What are food sources of Vitamin A?
Food sources include liver, fish, dairy products, and orange or green vegetables.
36
What are deficiencies and toxicities of Vitamin A?
Deficiencies can lead to vision problems, while toxicities can cause liver damage.
37
What is Vitamin D?
Vitamin D is crucial for calcium absorption and bone health.
38
What are the functions of Vitamin D?
Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization.
39
What are food sources of Vitamin D?
Food sources include fatty fish, fortified dairy products, and sunlight exposure.
40
What are deficiencies and toxicities of Vitamin D?
Deficiencies can lead to rickets, while toxicities can cause hypercalcemia.
41
What is Vitamin E?
Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant and protects cell membranes.
42
What are the functions of Vitamin E?
Vitamin E protects cells from oxidative damage.
43
What are food sources of Vitamin E?
Food sources include nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils.
44
What are deficiencies and toxicities of Vitamin E?
Deficiencies can cause nerve damage, while toxicities are rare.
45
What is Vitamin K?
Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting and bone health.
46
What are the functions of Vitamin K?
Vitamin K is necessary for the synthesis of clotting factors.
47
What are food sources of Vitamin K?
Food sources include leafy greens, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts.
48
What are deficiencies and toxicities of Vitamin K?
Deficiencies can lead to bleeding disorders, while toxicities are rare.
49
What are carotenoids?
Carotenoids are pigments found in plants that can be converted to Vitamin A.
50
What are provitamins?
Provitamins are substances that can be converted into vitamins in the body.
51
What are B Vitamins?
B Vitamins are a group of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in metabolism.
52
What is choline?
Choline is an essential nutrient important for liver function and brain development.
53
What is Thiamin?
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) is important for energy metabolism and nerve function.
54
What are the functions of Thiamin?
Thiamin helps convert carbohydrates into energy.
55
What are food sources of Thiamin?
Food sources include whole grains, pork, and legumes.
56
What are deficiencies and toxicities of Thiamin?
Deficiencies can lead to beriberi, while toxicities are rare.
57
What is Riboflavin?
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) is essential for energy production and skin health.
58
What are the functions of Riboflavin?
Riboflavin is involved in energy metabolism and antioxidant protection.
59
What are food sources of Riboflavin?
Food sources include dairy products, eggs, and green leafy vegetables.
60
What are deficiencies and toxicities of Riboflavin?
Deficiencies can cause skin disorders, while toxicities are rare.
61
What is Niacin?
Niacin (Vitamin B3) is important for energy metabolism and DNA repair.
62
What are the functions of Niacin?
Niacin helps convert food into energy and supports skin health.
63
What are food sources of Niacin?
Food sources include meat, fish, and whole grains.
64
What are deficiencies and toxicities of Niacin?
Deficiencies can lead to pellagra, while toxicities can cause flushing.
65
What is Pantothenic Acid?
Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) is essential for fatty acid metabolism.
66
What is Biotin?
Biotin (Vitamin B7) is important for carbohydrate and fat metabolism.
67
What is Vitamin B6?
Vitamin B6 is crucial for amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis.
68
What are the functions of Vitamin B6?
Vitamin B6 supports protein metabolism and cognitive development.
69
What are food sources of Vitamin B6?
Food sources include poultry, fish, potatoes, and bananas.
70
What are deficiencies and toxicities of Vitamin B6?
Deficiencies can lead to anemia, while toxicities can cause nerve damage.
71
What is Folate?
Folate (Vitamin B9) is essential for DNA synthesis and cell division.
72
What are the functions of Folate?
Folate is crucial for fetal development and preventing neural tube defects.
73
What are food sources of Folate?
Food sources include leafy greens, legumes, and fortified cereals.
74
What are deficiencies and toxicities of Folate?
Deficiencies can lead to megaloblastic anemia, while toxicities are rare.
75
What is Vitamin B12?
Vitamin B12 is essential for red blood cell formation and neurological function.
76
What are the functions of Vitamin B12?
Vitamin B12 supports DNA synthesis and nerve health.
77
What are food sources of Vitamin B12?
Food sources include meat, fish, dairy products, and fortified foods.
78
What are deficiencies and toxicities of Vitamin B12?
Deficiencies can lead to pernicious anemia, while toxicities are rare.
79
What is Vitamin C?
Vitamin C is an antioxidant important for immune function and skin health.
80
What are the functions of Vitamin C?
Vitamin C supports collagen synthesis and protects against oxidative stress.
81
What are food sources of Vitamin C?
Food sources include citrus fruits, strawberries, and bell peppers.
82
What are deficiencies and toxicities of Vitamin C?
Deficiencies can lead to scurvy, while toxicities are rare.
83
What are the functions of water?
Water is essential for hydration, temperature regulation, and nutrient transport.
84
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
85
What is water balance?
Water balance refers to the equilibrium between water intake and output.
86
What is thirst?
Thirst is the body's signal to consume water when dehydrated.
87
What is dehydration?
Dehydration occurs when the body loses more water than it takes in.
88
What is water intoxication?
Water intoxication is a rare condition caused by excessive water intake.
89
What are major minerals?
Major minerals are essential nutrients required in larger amounts.
90
What is bioavailability?
Bioavailability refers to the proportion of a nutrient that is absorbed and utilized by the body.
91
What is sodium?
Sodium is a major mineral important for fluid balance and nerve function.
92
What are the functions and sources of sodium?
Sodium helps maintain fluid balance and is found in table salt and processed foods.
93
What is hypernatremia?
Hypernatremia is a condition characterized by high sodium levels in the blood.
94
What is hyponatremia?
Hyponatremia is a condition characterized by low sodium levels in the blood.
95
What is hypertension?
Hypertension is high blood pressure, often linked to excessive sodium intake.
96
What is potassium?
Potassium is a major mineral essential for muscle function and heart health.
97
What are the functions and sources of potassium?
Potassium helps regulate fluid balance and is found in bananas, oranges, and potatoes.
98
What is hyperkalemia?
Hyperkalemia is a condition characterized by high potassium levels in the blood.
99
What is hypokalemia?
Hypokalemia is a condition characterized by low potassium levels in the blood.
100
What is chloride?
Chloride is a major mineral that helps maintain fluid balance and stomach acid.
101
What are the sources and functions of chloride?
Chloride is found in table salt and helps maintain acid-base balance.
102
What is hypochloremia?
Hypochloremia is a condition characterized by low chloride levels in the blood.
103
What is calcium?
Calcium is a major mineral essential for bone health and muscle function.
104
What are the sources and functions of calcium?
Calcium is found in dairy products, leafy greens, and is vital for bone structure.
105
What is hypercalcemia?
Hypercalcemia is a condition characterized by high calcium levels in the blood.
106
What is hypocalcemia?
Hypocalcemia is a condition characterized by low calcium levels in the blood.
107
What is osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones due to low calcium.
108
What is phosphorus?
Phosphorus is a major mineral important for bone health and energy production.
109
What are the sources and functions of phosphorus?
Phosphorus is found in meat, dairy, and is essential for DNA and ATP.
110
What is hypophosphatemia?
Hypophosphatemia is a condition characterized by low phosphorus levels in the blood.
111
What is hyperphosphatemia?
Hyperphosphatemia is a condition characterized by high phosphorus levels in the blood.
112
What is magnesium?
Magnesium is a major mineral important for muscle and nerve function.
113
What are the sources and functions of magnesium?
Magnesium is found in nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables, and is vital for many biochemical reactions.
114
What is hypomagnesemia?
Hypomagnesemia is a condition characterized by low magnesium levels in the blood.
115
What is hypermagnesemia?
Hypermagnesemia is a condition characterized by high magnesium levels in the blood.
116
What is sulfur?
Sulfur is a major mineral important for protein synthesis and enzyme function.
117
What are the sources and functions of sulfur?
Sulfur is found in protein-rich foods and is essential for amino acid metabolism.
118
What are trace minerals?
Trace minerals are essential nutrients required in smaller amounts.
119
What is iron?
Iron is a trace mineral essential for oxygen transport in the blood.
120
What are the functions and sources of iron?
Iron is crucial for hemoglobin formation and is found in red meat, beans, and spinach.
121
What is the difference between heme and non-heme iron?
Heme iron is found in animal products, while non-heme iron is found in plant foods.
122
What affects iron absorption?
Iron absorption can be affected by dietary factors such as vitamin C and phytates.
123
What is iron toxicity?
Iron toxicity occurs when excessive iron accumulates in the body, leading to damage.
124
What is zinc?
Zinc is a trace mineral important for immune function and wound healing.
125
What are the functions and sources of zinc?
Zinc supports immune response and is found in meat, shellfish, and legumes.
126
What are deficiencies and toxicities of zinc?
Deficiencies can lead to impaired immunity, while toxicities can cause nausea.
127
What is selenium?
Selenium is a trace mineral important for antioxidant defense and thyroid function.
128
What are the functions and sources of selenium?
Selenium protects against oxidative stress and is found in Brazil nuts and seafood.
129
What are deficiencies and toxicities of selenium?
Deficiencies can lead to Keshan disease, while toxicities can cause selenosis.
130
What is iodine?
Iodine is a trace mineral essential for thyroid hormone production.
131
What are the functions and sources of iodine?
Iodine supports metabolism and is found in iodized salt and seafood.
132
What are deficiencies and toxicities of iodine?
Deficiencies can lead to goiter, while toxicities can cause thyroid dysfunction.
133
What is copper?
Copper is a trace mineral important for iron metabolism and connective tissue formation.
134
What are the functions and sources of copper?
Copper supports iron absorption and is found in shellfish, nuts, and seeds.
135
What are deficiencies and toxicities of copper?
Deficiencies can lead to anemia, while toxicities can cause liver damage.
136
What is manganese?
Manganese is a trace mineral important for bone formation and metabolism.
137
What are the functions and sources of manganese?
Manganese supports enzyme function and is found in whole grains and nuts.
138
What are deficiencies and toxicities of manganese?
Deficiencies are rare, while toxicities can cause neurological issues.
139
What is fluoride?
Fluoride is a trace mineral important for dental health.
140
What are the functions and sources of fluoride?
Fluoride helps prevent tooth decay and is found in fluoridated water and toothpaste.
141
What are deficiencies and toxicities of fluoride?
Deficiencies can lead to dental cavities, while toxicities can cause dental fluorosis.
142
What is chromium?
Chromium is a trace mineral important for insulin function and glucose metabolism.
143
What are the functions and sources of chromium?
Chromium supports glucose regulation and is found in whole grains and meats.
144
What are deficiencies and toxicities of chromium?
Deficiencies are rare, while toxicities can cause skin reactions.
145
What is molybdenum?
Molybdenum is a trace mineral important for enzyme function.
146
What are the functions and sources of molybdenum?
Molybdenum supports metabolic processes and is found in legumes and grains.
147
What are deficiencies and toxicities of molybdenum?
Deficiencies are rare, while toxicities can cause gout-like symptoms.
