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Metabolism Endocrinology Haematology > Nutrition Diet & Body Weight > Flashcards

Nutrition Diet & Body Weight Flashcards

1
Q

What is catabolism

A

The BREAKDOWN of molecules to release their ENERGY in the form of REDUCING POWER

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2
Q

What is anabolism

A

The use of energy and raw materials to make larger molecules for growth and maintenance

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3
Q

What are the four major chemical processes in the body pertaining to metabolism

A

Detoxification pathways (remove toxins)

Biosynthetic pathways (produce basic building blocks for cells)

Oxidative pathways (convert food into energy)

Fuel storage and mobilisation pathways (mobilisation of fuel when not eating and increased energy requirement)

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4
Q

ATP is produced by the oxidation of what?

A

Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and alcohol among others

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5
Q

What are some examples of ATP usage

A

Ion transport

Muscle contraction

Biosynthesis

Thermogenesis

Detoxification

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6
Q

How much food do we eat a year on average

A

500kg

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7
Q

What does the food we eat provide

A 
Carbohydrates (energy)
Protein (energy and amino acids)
Fat (energy and essential fatty acids)
Minerals and Vitamins (essential)
Water (hydration)
Fibre (GI function)
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8
Q

What are the chemical features of carbs

A

(CH2O)n general formula

Contain aldehyde (CHO) and keto groups (RCOR)

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9
Q

What are the different saccharides called and how many carbons do they have and give examples

A

Mono- 3-9 (single unit) glucose fructose
Di- 2 units sucrose lactose maltose
Oligo- 3-12 units dextrins
Poly- 10-1000’s units) glycogen starch cellulose

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10
Q

What ring structures of monosaccharides are there

A

Triose 3
Pentose 5
Hexose 6

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11
Q

What are major dietary carbs

A 
Starch
Sucrose (Glu+Fru)
Lactose (Glu+Gla)
Maltose (Glu+Glu)
Fructose
Glycogen
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12
Q

What is the purpose of the digestion of carbs and why can’t we absorb cellulose

A

Converting larger carbs to monosaccharides which are absorbed into the blood. Lack enzyme to break beta 1-4 bonds in cellulose

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13
Q

How many amino acids are used for protein synthesis in the body

A

20

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14
Q

What is an essential amino acid, how many are there and name them

A

Cannot be synthesised in the body so must be acquired via diet. There are 9

Isoleucine, Lysine, Threonine, Histidine, Leucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Valine

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15
Q

What does high quality and low quality protein mean and what is its significance for vegetarians/vegans?

A

High quality contains all essential amino acids (eaa), generally of animal origin. Low are deficient in 1 or more eaa generally from plants. Vegetarians must therefore eat a wide range of plants

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16
Q

What are fats

A

Triacylglycerols (3 fatty acids sterilised to a glycerol)

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17
Q

Why are fats such a good energy source

A

Are very compact and contain less oxygen than carbs of protein so yield more energy when oxidised.

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18
Q

What are four fat soluble vitamins

A

A D E K

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19
Q

What are essential fatty acids and give some examples

A

Fatty acids which cannot be synthesised by the body. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid

20
Q

What are the functions of minerals

A

Establish ION GRAD across membrane and WATER BALANCE

STRUCTURE (eg calcium and phosphorus in bones and teeth

SIGNALLING molecules (Calcium)

ENZYME COFACTORS (Fe, Mg, Co, Cu, Zn, Mo, Mn)

IRON for HAEMOGLOBIN

21
Q

Outline the composition of routine IV fluids

A

1mmol/kg/day of sodium potassium chloride electrolytes and water 30ml/kg/day

22
Q

What diseases do deficiency of the fat soluble vitamins cause

A

A- Xerophthalmia
D- Rickets
E- Neurological abnormalities
K- Defective blood clotting

23
Q

What do deficients in water soluble vitamins cause

A 
B1/thiamin- Beriberi
B12- anaemia
B6- Dermatitis, anaemia
Biotin- Alopecia, scaly skin, CNS defects
C- scurvy
Choline- liver damage
Folate- neural tube defects, anaemia
Niacin- pellagra
Pantothenic acid- fatigue, apathy
Riboflavin- ariboflavinosis
24
Q

What are sources of dietary fibre and why is it important

A

Cereal foods containing cellulose, lignin, pectins, gums.

Normal function of GI tract

25
Q

What are is the recommended daily intake of dietary fibre and what is associated with low and high diets

A

18g/day. AVERAGE INTAKE IS BELOW RECOMMENDED (12.8g/day women and 14.8g/day men)

Low is associated with constipation and bowel cancer
High is shown to reduce cholesterol and risk of diabetes

26
Q

How does dietary fibre reduce cholesterol

A

Fibre binds to bile salts which are produced from cholesterol reducing uptake as it is passed via faeces

27
Q

What are dietary reference values (DRV)

A

DRVs are ESTIMATS of the amount of ENERGY an NUTRIENTS need by different GROUPS of healthy UK population

28
Q

What are the four types of DRV

A

Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) (proteins vit/mins)
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) (energy)
Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI) (too low for most people)
Safe Intake (for insufficient data)

29
Q

What factors affect the values of DRV

A

Age, gender, physical activity

30
Q

Why cant the DRV be used for individuals

A

Based off of evidenced gained from groups so can only be used as an estimated guideline

31
Q

What does the RNI and LRNI indicate

A

EAR- 50% of pop needs being met

RNI- 97.5% of the pop needs are being met with many needing less

2.5% of the pop needs being met with many needing more

+-2SD from EAR

32
Q

What is the eatwell plate

A

A PSA guidelining how to achieve a balanced diet to the general population based on amounts of different foods

33
Q

What is the daily energy expenditure dependent on and composed of and what are the values for men and women

A

Dependent on age, sex, composition, and physical activity

Composed of Basal metabolic rate BMR
Diet induced thermogenesis DIT
Physical activity level PAL

12000 kJ/day men
9500 kJ/day women

34
Q

What is the BMR

A

The energy required to maintain resting activities of the body such as

Maintenance of cells- ion transport and biochemical reactions.

Fuctions of organs- skeletal muscle 30%, liver 20%, brain 20%, heart 10%, other 20%

Maintaining body temp

35
Q

What factor affect BMR

A 
Body size (surface area)
Gender (males higher)
Environmental temp
Endocrine status (eg hyperthyroidism)
Body temp (12% increase per degree)
36
Q

Outline voluntary physical activity and how much energy it burns based on how active a person is

A

Energy required depending on intensity and duration of exercise. A reflection of energy demands of muscles (skeletal, resp, cardiac)

Sedentary- 30kJ/kg/day
Moderate 65
Very active 100

37
Q

True or false, fat and alcohol contain the most energy per gram and carbohydrates and protein the least

A

True fat contains 37kJ/g, alcohol 29 and carbs/protein 17

38
Q

What are the different energy stores in the body

A

Very short energy rich such as phosphocreatine in muscles (seconds)

Carbohydrate stores for immediate use such as glycogen in lover and muscles (minutes to hours)

Fat stores for long term in adipose tissue (40 days)

Protein in muscles in extremes

39
Q

What is obesity

A

Excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue which impairs health as a result of exceeding energy expenditure over a period of years, usually measured by a BMI of >30

Major cause of death is developed countries, increasing in UK over decades

40
Q

What is obesity associated with

A

Increased risk of developing some cancers, CVD, diabetes type 2

41
Q

What is BMI

A

Body Mass Index (kg/m^2) used clinically to evaluate patient weight without shoes and minimal clothing. Muscular individuals may be misclassified as obese

<18.5 underweight
18.5- 24.9 desirable
25-29.9 overweight
30-34.9 obese
>35 severely (morbidly) obese
42
Q

What is an alternative measurement to BMI

A

Waist to hip ratio

43
Q

What is a body fat distribution in the upper body compared to hips associated with

A 
Insulin resistance
Hyperinsulinism
Type 2 diabetes
Hypertension
Hyperlipidaemia
Stroke
Premature death
44
Q

What is malnutrition

A

Damage from a low energy intake, deficiency diseases of other nutrients. Major preventable cause of death in developing world

45
Q

What is kwashiorkor

A

Oedema (particularly of the abdomen) as a result of LOW PROTEIN (eg albumin) in the blood leading to reduced oncotic pressure so less reabsorption

46
Q

Why do we measure metabolites in the blood

A

Difficult to examine actual tissues in patients (dangerous biopsy an expensive)

Blood can be readily obtained and testing inexpensive

Concentrations not in normal RANGE can indicate nature of problem

47
Q

What is the normal plasma concentration of glucose, lactate and urea in the blood

A
  1. 3-6 mmol/L glucose
  2. 6-2.4 mmol/L lactate
  3. 5-7.8 mmol/L urea

Metabolism Endocrinology Haematology (3 decks)

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