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MEH - prereading/workbook > Nutrition, Diet, Body Weight > Flashcards

Nutrition, Diet, Body Weight Flashcards

1
Q

What drives the chemical reactions of our bodies?

A

the fuels in our diet

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2
Q

What do the chemical reactions enable us to do?

A

growing/developing/moving/thinking/fighting infection/reproducing

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3
Q

What does the diet provide that are essential cell components?

A

vitamins, minerals, water

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4
Q

What should be included in our diet for the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

indigestable material like fibre

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5
Q

What do we mostly obtain our fuel from?

A

carbs, fats, proteins consumed in our diet

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6
Q

What happens to the food we eat?

A

digested in the GI tract and products are absorbed into the body to circulate in the blood

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7
Q

What role do the body tissues play?

A

continuously remove the circulating fuels to provide energy they require

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8
Q

What happens to the fuel that exceeds the body’s immediate energy needs?

A

stored as fat in adipose tissue or as glycogen in liver and muscle

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9
Q

What is energy?

A

the capacity to do work

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10
Q

What do living cells require energy for?

A

biosynthetic work, transport work across cell membranes, mechanical work, electrical work

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11
Q

What is the SI unit of food energy?

A

kilojoule (kJ)

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12
Q

How many kcal of energy does a “1 cal” drink contain?

A

1Kcal

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13
Q

How many kJ is 1kcal?

A

1 kcal = 4.2 kJ

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14
Q

What is chemical bond energy used to do?

A

drive the energy-requiring activities in the cells of the human body

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15
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

energy released is greater than the energy input

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16
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

energy input is greater than the energy released

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17
Q

Why is the energy released from chemical bonds used directly without being converted to heat?

A

the human body is isothermal so remains the same temp

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18
Q

What is coupling?

A

reactions that require an input of energy are driven by reactions that release energy - usually via the ATP - ADP cycle

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19
Q

How is the chemical bond energy released in fuel molecules and what happens to it?

A

by oxidation, some is conserved by the formation of ATP and the remainder is lost as heat

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20
Q

What are the 3 components of daily energy expenditure?

A

-basal metabolic rate
-energy for voluntary physical activities
-diet-induced thermogenesis

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21
Q

What is the BMR?

A

a measure of the basal energy required to maintain life at physical, digestive, emotional rest

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22
Q

What are the main tissues contributing to the BMR?

A

skeletal muscle, CNS, liver, heart

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23
Q

How can you roughly estimate the BMR of non-obese individuals?

A

multiplying the body weight in kg by 100, (kJ/24hrs)

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24
Q

What are the factors that can affect BMR?

A

weight, thyroid hormones

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25
Q

Why is the BMR lower for women?

A

women have more adipose tissue that is less metabolically active

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26
Q

What increases BMR?

A

-rise in body temp
-hyperthyroidism
-pregnancy
-lactation/breastfeeding
-exercise

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27
Q

What is diet-induced thermogenesis?

A

the energy required to process the food we eat - digestion, absorption, distribution, storage

28
Q

How is daily energy expenditure calculated?

A

the sum of the BMR plus energy required for physical activity plus 10% of these values for DIT

29
Q

How do we maintain our body weight?

A

stay in energy balance

30
Q

What is the RDA?

A

recommended dietary allowence, the quantities of nutrients that are required to keep the general population in good health. replaced by the Dietary Reference Values now

31
Q

What is the EAR?

A

estimated average requirement

32
Q

From what foods do we obtain energy from in our diets?

A

fats carbs and metabolism of proteins and alcohol

33
Q

What is associated with the excessive intake of saturated fats?

A

high blood cholesterol and heart disease

34
Q

How many kcal are recommended for men and for women each day?

A

2500 for men, 2000 for women

35
Q

Why are fats important?

A

higher energy yield than carbs/proteins, are needed for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, certain polyunsaturated fatty acids are structural components of cell membranes

36
Q

Which vitamins are fat-soluble?

A

A D E K

37
Q

What is zero nitrogen balance?

A

N2 intake = N2 loss

38
Q

Who may show a positive or negative nitrogen balance?

A

+ = growing children and pregnant women
- = starvation and tissue wasting diseases

39
Q

Why is it important that a vegatarian diet contains a mixture of vegetables?

A

proteins of animal origin usually contain a high proportion of the essential amino acids, unlike proteins of vegetable origin which may be deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids

40
Q

What is the average water loss from the body a day?

A

~2.5L a day, mainly through urine, then expired in air, then through skin, and then in faeces

41
Q

How are vitamins classified?

A

as water soluble or as lipid soluble

42
Q

Which vitamins have important antioxidant properties?

A

C E selenium

43
Q

How do you calculate the BMI of someone?

A

weight (kg) / height^2 (m^2)

44
Q

What is the desirable range for BMI?

A

18.5 - 24.9

45
Q

What are the unhealthy BMI ranges?

A

overweight - 25 - 29.5
obese - 30 - 34.9
severely obese - >35

46
Q

What is a better measure of obesity?

A

waist to hip ratio

47
Q

What is associated with excess body fat?

A

increased risk of hypertension, heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, cancer, gall bladder disease, osteoarthritis

48
Q

What risks are associated with a greater proportion of fat in the upper body?

A

insulin resistance, hyperinsulinism, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, stroke

49
Q

Why is initial weight loss faster?

A

water is also lost, as there is a reduction in liver glycogen stores that are used to provide glucose to the brain. these glycogen stores contain more water than fat

50
Q

Why is total starvation not preferred?

A

protein metabolism increases to maintain blood glucose by gluconeogenesis - lean body mass will disappear, and liver begins to convert fatty acids to ketones to be used as a fuel by the CNS

51
Q

Why are ketones a problem?

A

they can disturb blood pH - dehydrated

52
Q

What is the best tool available to screen for malnutrition?

A

malnutrition universal screening test (MUST)

53
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

any condition caused by an in-balance between what someone eats and what someone needs to maintain health

54
Q

What is protein energy malnutrition?

A

covers the spectrum of clinical conditions seen in starving patients - infections of GI tract and lungs are common

55
Q

What is marasmus?

A

most common PEM seen in kids under 5 - patient looks emaciated with signs of muscle wasting and loss of body fat - NO oedema. thin dry hair, diarrhoea, anaemia

56
Q

What is kwashiorkor?

A

typically in a young child displaced from breastfeeding by a new baby and fed a diet with some carbs but low protein content. patient is lethargic, loss of appetite, oedema (pitting), distended abdomen. low albumin and anaemia

57
Q

Why is albumin low in patients with Kwashiorkor?

A

not enough amino acids for liver to make the blood protein, decreases the plasma protein pressure, so increased flow of fluid from capillaries

58
Q

What is refeeding syndrome?

A

the rapid refeeding of energy rich foods in starved/malnourished patients will rapidly increase blood sugar and insulin, causing glycogen/fat/protein synthesis - using phosphate, magnesium, potassium from the body stores that are already depleted - resulting in electrolyte abnormalities like hypophosphataemia

59
Q

What happens to nutrients in body tissues?

A

degradation to release energy, synthesis of cell components, storage, interconversion to other nutrients, excretion

60
Q

What is cell metabolism?

A

the highly integrated network of chemical reactions that occur within cells

61
Q

What is the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones?

A

catabolism

62
Q

What is the build up of smaller molecules into larger ones?

A

anabolism

63
Q

What is the statement generally about catabolic and anabolic pathways?

A

catabolic - oxidative, release large amounts of free energy, produce intermediary metabolites

anabolic - reductive, use intermediary metabolites and energy

64
Q

When can a reaction occur spontaneously?

A

when deltaG is negative

65
Q

How is creatine phosphate made?

A

creatine + ATP <–> creatine phosphate + ADP

66
Q

What can the daily excretion of creatine be used as an indicator of?

A

skeletal muscle mass - increased excretion may indicate muscle wasting

67
Q

What can the measurements of the concentration of creatinine in blood and urine also be used for?

A

an indicator of kidney function - high blood creatinine with low urinary creatinine could indicate reduced kidney function

MEH - prereading/workbook (4 decks)

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