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MEH > Nutrition, Diet & Body Weight > Flashcards

Nutrition, Diet & Body Weight Flashcards

1
Q

List the 6 essential components of the diet

A

Carbohydrate, protein, fat, minerals, water and fibre

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2
Q

Name the 5 components of daily energy expenditure

A

Bio-synthetic work, transport work, mechanical work, electrical work, osmotic work

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3
Q

Define bio synthetic work

A

Synthesis of cellular components

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4
Q

Define transport work

A

Movement of ions and nutrients across membranes

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5
Q

Define mechanical work

A

Muscle contraction

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6
Q

Define electrical work

A

Nervous conduction

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7
Q

Define osmotic work

A

Maintenance of water potential through homeostasis (kidney)

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8
Q

What are the 4 chemical processes that come under “metabolism”?

A

Oxidative pathways, fuel storage & mobilisation pathways, biosynthetic pathways and detoxification pathways

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9
Q

Define a catabolic process

A

Breakdown of molecules to release energy in the form of reducing power

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10
Q

Define an anabolic process

A

Use of energy and raw materials to make larger molecules for growth and maintenance

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11
Q

What are the 5 uses of energy released by ATP breakdown?

A

Ion transport, muscle contraction, biosynthesis, thermogenesis and detoxification

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12
Q

What are 4 things that are oxidised to produce energy to regenerate ATP?

A

Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and alcohol

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13
Q

What is the official SI unit of food energy?

A

Kilojoule (kJ)

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14
Q

Define a kilocalorie (Kcal). 1kcal = 4.2kJ

A

Amount of energy needed to raise temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree celsius

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15
Q

What group must a carbohydrate contain?

A

Aldehyde (-C=OH) or ketone (-C=O)

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16
Q

Sucrose = glucose + ?

A

Fructose

17
Q

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

A

Isoleucine, Lysine, Threonine, Histidine, Leucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan and Valine

18
Q

Which amino acids are conditionally essential?
What are the conditions?

A

Arginine, Tyrosine and Cysteine
Children and pregnant women

19
Q

Why does fat release more energy when oxidised than carbs or protein?

A

Because it contains less oxygen so is more reduced

20
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A, D, E and K

21
Q

What do electrolytes do?

A

Establish ion gradients across membranes and maintain water balance

22
Q

Why is calcium important?

A

As a signalling molecule and for structure (bones and teeth)

23
Q

Routine maintenance (IV fluids)

A

Sodium, potassium and chlorine = 1mmol/kg/day each
Water = 30ml/kg/day

24
Q

What disease is caused by vitamin B1 (Thiamin)?

A

Beriberi

25
Q

Anaemia is caused by a deficiency in what?

A

B12, B6, Folate

26
Q

List 4 components of dietary fibre

A

Cellulose, lignin, pectins and gums

27
Q

What does the Reference Nutrient Intake measure?

A

Amount of protein, vitamins and minerals needed by different groups of healthy people

28
Q

What does the Estimated Average Requirement measure?

A

Energy requirements

29
Q

What does the Lower Reference Nutrient Intake?

A

Value which must nutrient levels should not go below this value

30
Q

What is the average daily energy expenditure for men and women?

A

70kg man: 12000kJ/day
58kg woman: 9500kJ/day

31
Q

What is energy expenditure calculated from?

A

Sum of basal metabolic rate, diet induced thermogenesis and physical activity level

32
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate important for?

A

Maintenance of cells (ion transport, biochemical reactions)
Organ function
Maintaining body temperature

33
Q

Name 5 factors that affect BMR

A

Body size (surface area)
Gender (men higher than women)
Environmental temperature (increases when cold)
Endocrine status (increases in hypothyroidism)
Body temperature (12% increase per degree)

34
Q

How do you calculate body mass index?

A

Weight (kg)/Height^2(m^2)

35
Q

When can a BMI be misleading?

A

When a muscular individual is wrongly classified as obese

36
Q

Why is body fat distribution clinically important?

A

Greater proportion of fat in upper body leads to increased risk of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinism, t2d, hypertension, stroke, hyperlipidaemia and premature death

MEH (3 decks)

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