Nutrition, Diet and Body Weight Flashcards
What are catabolic processes?
Processes breaking down molecules to release energy in the form of reducing power.
What are anabolic processes?
Using energy and raw materials to make larger molecules for growth and maintenance.
What is the energy used to drive energy-requiring activities?
Chemical bond energy
What is energy needed for?
Biosynthetic work
Transport work
Mechanical work
Electrical work
What is the ATP-ADP cycle?
Where ATP goes between being ATP and broken down to ADP + inorganic phosphate.
Why is ATP broken into ADP and inorganic phosphate?
To release energy.
Why is ADP and inorganic phosphate made into ATP?
To produce energy by oxidation of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and alcohol.
How much is 1 kcal?
4.2 kilojoules
How much is 1 cal?
4.2 joules.
Define 1 kcal.
The amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of water 1 celsius.
What is needed in nutrition?
Carbohydrates (energy) Protein (energy and amino acids) Fat (energy and essential fatty acids) Minerals Vitamins Water (maintain hydration) Fibre (GI-function)
What is the general formula of carbohydrates?
(CH2O)n
What types of carbohydrates are there? (size)
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
What is glucose?
A monosaccharide
What is sucrose?
A disaccharide
What is starch?
A polysaccharide
What is glycogen?
A polysaccharide
What is cellulose?
A polysaccharide
What does sucrose consist of?
Glucose and fructose
What does lactose consist of?
Galactose and glucose
What is fructose?
A monosaccharide
What does maltose consist of?
glucose and glucose
What are the 9 essential amino acids?
If Learned This Huge List May Prove Truly Valuable Isoleucine Lysine Threonine Histidine Leucine Methionine Phenylalanine Tryptophan Valine
Explain the structure of a lipid.
Lipids are composed of Triacylglycerols which are 3 fatty acids esterified to one glycerol.
What are some features of lipids/fat?
It contains much less oxygen than carbs or proteins. This means that it is more reduced so it yields more energy when oxidised.
Required for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K)
What are the essential fatty acids?
Linoleic and linolenic acids.
Why are minerals important?
To establish ion gradients across membranes and maintain water balance.
Calcium and phosphorus are essential for structure (bones and teeth)
Calcium is also an important signalling molecule
Iron
Enzyme co-factors (iron, magnesium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc and molybdenum)
Why are vitamins important?
They are essential for life. Vitamin C for example in collagen production which leads to scurvy (hydroxylation of proline and lysine).
Vitamin K which leads to defective blood clotting.
Vitamin D which leads to rickets.
Why are dietary fibres important?
Low intake is associated with constipation and bowel cancer.
High fibre diet have shown results in lowering cholesterol and risk of diabetes.
What is basal metabolic rate?
The energy needed to maintain resting activities in the body.
What are factors of basal metabolic rate?
Body size Gender Environmental temperature Endocrine status Body temperature
What is BMI?
Weight divided by height squared. Units are Kg/m2
What is a BMI that means you are underweight?
<18.5
What is a BMI that means you are at a desirable weight?
18.5-24.9
What is a BMI that means you are overweight?
25-29.9
What is a BMI that means you are obese?
30-34.9
What is a BMI that means you are severely obese?
<35
What is an alternative measurement to BMI?
Waist to hip ratio.
Is body fat distribution important?
Yes. There is evidence that shows that it is clinically important. An apple shaped body is more dangerous than a pear shaped body.
Why do children with Kwashiorkor have bloated bellies?
Because of a low protein intake. This means that there is no albumin in the blood plasma in order to maintain the oncotic pressure. This means a decrease in oncotic pressure and oedema follows.
