Nutrition ATI Final Flashcards
What is the minimum amount of carbohydrates needed to fuel the brain?
130 grams
How many grams of fiber do women need a day?
25 grams
How many grams of fiber do men need a day?
38 grams
What is the recommended intake of protein a day?
0.8 grams per kilogram
What are some examples of water-soluble vitamins?
Vitamin C and B-complex
What are some examples of fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamins A, D, E, & K
Vitamin C foods
citrus foods
tomatoes
peppers
green leafy vegetables
strawberries
What are sources of Niacin?
meat
legumes
milk
whole grain & enriched breads and cereals
liver
nuts
What are sources of Thiamin?
widespread among most all plant and animal tissue
Especially meats, grains, & legumes
Riboflavin sources include
milk
meats
dark leafy green vegetables
Biotin foods include
eggs
milk
dark green vegetables
Folic acid is the synthetic form of what vitamin?
Folate
Folate food sources are?
liver
dark green leafy vegetables
orange juice
legumes
Sources of vitamin A
orange/yellow fruits & veggies
fatty fish
dairy
Sources of vitamin D
fish
fortified dairy
egg yolks
sunlight
Sources of vitamin E
vegetable oils
grains
nuts
dark green veggies
Sources of Vitamin K
green leafy veggies
eggs
Major sources of potassium include?
oranges
dried fruits
tomatoes
avocados
dried peas
meats
broccoli
bananas
dairy
meats
whole grains
potato
canteloupe
Major sources of Chloride?
table salt
added salts
processed foods
What are the major sources of calcium?
dairy
broccoli
kale
fortified grains
What are the major sources of Magnesium?
green leafy veggies
nuts
whole grains
tuna
halibut
chocolate
What are the major sources of Phosphorus?
dairy
peas
meat
eggs
legumes
cola
What is the major side effect of Iron?
constipation
Heme-iron foods consist of?
meat
fish
poultry
Non-heme iron foods consist of?
grains
legumes
vegetables
A healthy BMI is
18.5 to 24.9
Albumin range?
3.5 to 5
Prealbumin range?
15 to 36
What should you consume to decrease the risk for developing some cancers?
Five servings per day of fiber-rich fruits and vegetables
What is a vegan diet?
excludes all meat and animal products
What is a Lacto Vegetarian diet?
diet includes dairy products but excludes meat
What is a Lacto-Ovo vegetarian?
Diet includes dairy products and eggs but excludes meat
What should you eat when you have a heart condition?
Decrease saturated fat
decrease cholesterol as much as possible
DASH diet
if high LDL = increase monounsaturated fats and soluble fiber
What should you eat when you have a nervous system condition?
adequate B-complex vitamins, calcium, sodium
What should you eat when you have a bone condition?
Consuming recommended serving of calcium, magnesium, & phosphorus
Incorporate weight-bearing physical activity
What should you eat when you have a bowel condition?
intake adequate amount of fiber
What should you eat for cancer prevention?
increase fiber and plant-based foods
limit sat fat and trans fat
increase polyunsaturated fats (omega-3 fatty acids)
limit sodium
avoid alcohol
regular exercise/activity
How much should you increase your calories in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy?
340 calories
How much should you increase your calories in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy?
452 calories
In the first 6 months of breastfeeding, how much should you increase your calories?
330 calories
In the second 6 months of breastfeeding, how much should you increase your calories?
400 calories
How many grams of protein should you eat when pregnant?
71 grams a day
How much weight should be gained in pregnancy if BMI is normal (18.5-24.9)
25-35 pounds
How much weight should be gained in pregnancy if BMI is underweight (<18.5)
28-40 pounds
How much weight should be gained during pregnancy if BMI is overweight (25-29.9)
15-25 pounds
How much weight should be gained during pregnancy if BMI is obese (>30)
11-20 pounds
How much folic acid should be taken during pregnancy?
600mcg/day
How much folic acid should be taken during lactation/breastfeeding?
500mcg/day
How much iron should be taken during pregnancy?
27-30mg a day
When does birth weight double?
4-6 months
When does birth weight triple?
1 year
What is the sole source of nutrition in the 1st 6 months of life?
breast milk
infant formula
Semisolid foods should not be introduced before what age?
6 months
Gestational iron stores begin to deplete around what age?
4 months
now iron supplementation is needed after this time for infants who are exclusively breastfed
At what age can cow’s milk be introduced?
1 year
How many feedings should be in a 24-hour period?
8-12
How long should the infant nurse on each breast?
15 min
How often should you wake the baby during the day and night to feed?
every 3 hours during the day
every 4 hours during the night
How long can expressed breast milk be stored in the fridge?
24 hours
How long can expressed breast milk be stored in the freezer?
3 months
new foods should be introduced one at a time over how long of a period?
5 to 7 days
During the 5 to 7-day period of new food introduction, what should you look for with allergy or intolerance?
fussiness
rash
upper respiratory distress
vomiting
diarrhea
constipation
What are some foods that can cause aspiration or choking with children?
hot dogs
popcorn
peanuts
grapes
raw carrots
celery
peanut butter
tough meat
candy
Exposure to a new food might be needed how many times before it is accepted
15-20 times
What is a clear liquid diet?
Consists of foods or fluids that have no residue at room temperature (clear at room temp)
Examples of clear liquid diet?
water
tea
coffee
fat-free broth
carbonated beverages
clear juices
ginger ale
gelatin
What is a full liquid diet?
Foods that are liquid at room temperature
Examples of full liquid diet?
plain ice cream
strained cereals
possibly pureed vegetables
What is a blenderized liquid/pureed diet?
liquids and foods that are pureed to liquid form
What is a soft diet?
Contains whole foods that are low in fiber, lightly seasoned, and easily digested
What is a mechanical soft diet?
A regular diet that is modified in texture. The diet composition is altered for specific nutrient needs, with minimal chewing required
What is a dysphagia diet?
prescribed when swallowing is impaired
Nectar-like liquids
thin enough to sip through a straw but thicker than water
Ex: nectars, cream soups, buttermilk, thin milkshakes
Honey-like liquids
liquids that do not maintain their shape when poured but are thickened, can be eaten with a spoon but not able to sip through straw
Ex: honey, tomato sauce, yogurt
Continuous infusion method is delivered over how many hours?
24 hours for a consistent flow rate
How often should the residual be measured?
every 4-6 hours
How often should the tubing be flushed with 30ml of water?
every 4 hours to maintain tube patency
How long is cyclic feedings administered?
8-20 hours of continuous feeding, usually during the night time
How often is formula administered with intermittent tube feedings
every 4-6 hours in equal portions of 250-400ml typically over 30-60 minutes
How often are bolus feedings administered?
15 minute sessions 4-6 times daily, 250-400ml
How often should you check the placement of a feeding tube with radiography?
before every feeding
What level should the HOB be at during feedings?
at least 30 degrees during feeding and for at least 30-60 minutes afterwards
How would you evaluate the effectiveness of TPN?
daily weight (maintenance of baseline or gain)
increase in prealbumin level
blood urea nitrogen level within range
What are foods high in phosphorus?
milk products
beef liver
chocolate
nuts
legumes
What type of diet should be consumed with end-stage kidney disease?
low protein
low phosphorus
low potassium
low sodium
fluid restriction
Major sources of Pectin foods are?
apples
pears
guava
plums
oranges
gooseberries
Braden scale: very poor nutrition
The patient is NPO or is maintained on a clear liquid diet to IV fluids for >5 days
Braden scale: probably inadequate
If the patient is intermittently refusing tube feeding or eats only half of meals
Braden scale: adequate nutrition
The patient eats most of their meals and/or refuses meals but takes a supplement in place of a meal or is on regular EN or TPN
Braden scale: Excellent nutrition
The patient snacking in between meals never refuses a meal, and not be on a nutritional supplement
What are some sources of zinc?
Meat
shellfish
legumes
seeds
nuts
dairy
eggs
whole grains
dark chocolate
Tyramine rich foods
aged cheese
cured meats
pickled or fermented veggies
citrus/tropical fruits
alcohol
How much Kcals should be consumed daily?
men: 2,500
women: 2,000
Phosphorus level
3-4.5
total protein level
6.4-8.3
Albumin level
3.5-5
Ammonia level
10-80
RBC level
4.3-5.9
PTT level
24.3-32.8
INR level
1.2-2
PT level
10.4-13
Hematocrit level
40-51
hemoglobin level
12-18
Short bowel syndrome nutritional needs
increased calorie and protein with each meal
avoid carbs, concentrated sugars, and lactose
don’t drink fluids while eating
lie down for 20-30 min after meals
GERD nutritional needs
avoid eating 3 hours before lying down
avoid large meals and bedtime snacks
avoid citrus, spicy, carbonated drinks, fatty/fried, caffeine, chocolate, ETOH, smoking, and peppermint/spearmint, tomatoes & onions
Major sources of fiber?
beans
broccoli
berries
avocados
popcorn
whole grains
dried fruits
bran cereal
Total cholesterol
<200
Triglycerides
<200
HDL
> 60
LDL
<100
T4
5-12
T3
80-220
urine specific gravity level
1.005-1.030
